英语单词拼读规则(2)
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分类: 英语 |
第三章 字组名与字组音
在了解字组名和字组音之前应先了解一下字母名与字母音。
二十六个字母的读音也就是他们的字母名称,简称字母名。二十六个字母在单词中所发的音素叫字母音。五个元音字母的字母音主要有两种,在开音节中发长音(长元音和双元音),在闭音节中发短音(短元音)。单个辅音字母的字母音可以在辅音字母名的基础上,通过掐头法、去尾法、类比法获得他们的字母音。
练习 3-01
用音标注出每个辅音字母的字母名称和字母音
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b [bi:] [b] |
c [si:] [k] |
d [di:] [d] |
f [ef] [f] |
h [ehttp://www.sprew.net/library/tf.gif] [h] |
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|
k [kehttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gif] [k] |
l [el] [l] |
m [em] [m] |
n [en] [n] |
p [pi:] [p] |
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q [kju:] [k] |
r [http://www.sprew.net/library/a.gif:] [r] |
s [es] [s] |
t [ti:] [t] |
v [vi:] [v] |
w[http://www.sprew.net/library/v.gifblju:][w] |
|
x [eks] [ks] |
y [wahttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gif] [j] |
z [zi:] [z] |
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|
有的字母的字母音可能不止一个,如字母 c、g、s 等。
练习 3-02
说出下列单词中每个字母的字母名和字母音,并读出下列单词。
| bag | web | blond | ugly |
| ant | cost | silk | sand |
| Tom | basin | vest | yes |
字组名 对字组的称呼、叫法称为“字组名称”,简称“字组名”。英语里有73个字组,每个字组都有一个字组名称。
字组音 字组在单词中所发的音素叫“字组读音”,简称“字组音”。
如 th 就叫 th[http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifti:http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifehttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gifthttp://www.sprew.net/library/f.gif] 字母组合,th 的字组音通常读 [http://www.sprew.net/library/th.gif] 音;ar 就叫 ar[http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifehttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gifhttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifhttp://www.sprew.net/library/a.gif:] 字母组合,在重读音节里其字组音为
[http://www.sprew.net/library/a.gif:]
音。由单个元音字母构成的字组,有时字组名和字组音是一样的,如:lake 一词中的字组 a,其名称和读音都是 [ehttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gif]。
习3-03
| ch [thttp://www.sprew.net/library/f.gif] | -tch [thttp://www.sprew.net/library/f.gif] | ph [f] | th [http://www.sprew.net/library/th.gif] | sh [http://www.sprew.net/library/f.gif] | wh-[w] |
| dr-[dr] | tr-[tr] | -dge [dhttp://www.sprew.net/library/3.gif] | gu-[http://www.sprew.net/library/g.gif] | -mn [m] | qu-[kw] |
| -ng[http://www.sprew.net/library/n.gif] | wr-[r] | kn-[n] | -ck[k] | gh [/] |
第四章 音节
音节的定义 以元音为主体构成的发音单位,一般说来元音发音响亮,可以构成音节,辅音发音不响亮,不能单独构成音节。从单词拼写形式上看,有几个元字组就有几个音节。出现在词尾且不发音的 e 不能构成音节。
音节是词的构成单位。就语音形式而言,一个音节通常由一个元音音素加上一个或几个辅音音素构成;就书写形式而言,一个音节一般由一个元字组(元音字母或元音字母组合)加上一个或几个辅字组(辅音字母或辅音字母组合)构成。单独一个元音或元字组也可以构成一个音节。例如:I a air等。
在一个词中,有几个元音音素(不是元音字母),就有几个音节。上列例词都是只有一个元音音素的单音节词。有两个元音音素的叫双音节词,有三个或三个以上元音音素的叫多音节词。
metre theatre cadre 等词的拼写形式有利于音节划分,dr tr 通常出现在音节的开头处,me-tre thea-tre ca-dre 根据音节划分的结果,就知道前面的元字组应该读长音。
A syllable is part of a word that contains one vowel sound; it may also contain one or more consonant sounds. In general, the number of vowels in the word determines the number of syllables.
练习4-01 说出下列单词的音节个数。
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| Thursday 2个 flower 2个 captain 2个 conversation 5个 |
nation 3个 Africa 3个 scenery 3个 confident 3个 |
borrow 2个 camera 3个 enter 2个 animal 3个 |
twelve 1个 member 2个 paper 2个 click 1个 |
注:nation中的io不是一个字组,虽然只发一个音素[http://www.sprew.net/library/uh.gif],但在计算音节数目时算两个音节。
还有一种音节不含有元音,[m]、[n]、[l]、[http://www.sprew.net/library/n.gif]是发音较为响亮的辅音,他们可以和别的辅音结合成不含元音的音节,这种音节叫成音节。
有几个发音很响亮的辅音,如 [l] [m] [n],在后面没有元音的情况下也可以和它前面的辅音构成一个音节,可称“成节辅音”。例如:table Marxism seven apple
In a word like “bottle”, the weak syllable contains no vowel at all, but consists entirely of the consonants. We call this a syllabic consonant.
| 发音响亮的辅音[l] [m] [n] 可以和前面的辅音构成成音节。(规则编号0-01) | |
| apple 苹果 double 两倍 eleven 十一 rhythm 韵律 seven 七 table 桌子 trouble 麻烦 |
ap-ple |
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| ta-ble [bl] real-i-sm [zm] lis-ten [sn] |
pen-cil [sl] e-lev-en [vn] typ-i-cal [kl] |
lit-tle [tl] cap-i-tal [tl] sev-en [vn] |
troub-le [bl] fos-sil [sl] rea-son [zn] |
realism 是由 real 这个词演变过来的,为了保持词根的完整,音节划分处在字母 l 后面。
listen 从拼写上看,字群 -sten 被划分到不同的音节里,因为前面重读音节里的元字组读短音,s
被划分到前面一个音节里。从读音上来看,字母 t 不发音,[s] 音被划分到成音节里。
seven 从拼写上看,字母 v 被划分到前一个音节里,从读音上看,[v] 音被划分到成音节里。
练习4-03 判断下列单词音节的个数。
| 单词 | 音节数 | |
单词 | 音节数 | |
单词 | 音节数 |
| yesterday important humorous holiday daughter thousand excuse cinema balcony |
3个 3个 3个 3个 2个 2个 2个 3个 3个 |
|
ability celebrate student practice development education table hamburger remember |
4个 3个 2个 2个 4个 5个 2个 3个 3个 |
|
radio opposit congratulation capital similar answer uncle glimpse January |
3个 3个 6个 3个 3个 2个 2个 1个 4个 |
在将一个词划分为音节时,有时根据其语音形式,有时根据其书写形式。 以 teach 和 nice 为例,从书写形式上来看, teach 中有两个元音字母,但这两个元音字母 ea 组合在一起发一个音。因此, teach 只能算一个音节。 nice 中有两个元音字母,但词尾的 e 不发音,因此 nice 也是单音节词。 our 读音为三元音 [auhttp://www.sprew.net/library/uh.gif],可以把三元音看作一个音素,又因为 our 是一个元音字母组合,所以 our 也是单音节词。
①在重读和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。例如:
let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter mas-ter prac-tice doc-tor
有时辅音字母连缀(bl cl- fl- gl- pl- br- cr- fr- gr-
pr-)被看作一个整体,划分音节时可以不被分开,如:se-cret Ne-gro fra-grant ze-bra
以上例词中,字母连缀前的一个音节里的元字组发长音。如果字母连缀前的一个音节里的元字组发短音,字母连缀又会被分开。
| 在重读和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时,一个辅字组属于前面的音节,一个属于后面的音节。(规则编号0-02a) | |
|
children |
chil-dren |
②在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时,如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音(长元音和双元音)则辅字组属于后面一个音节,如果重读音节里的元音是短音(短元音),则辅字组属于重读音节。例如:
| 长音 | pa-per | fa-ther | ze-ro | mo-tor | Si-mon | stu-dent | fea-ture | e-ven |
| 短音 | cap-ital | moth-er | ver-y | mod-el | Lil-y | stud-y | feath-er | sev-en |
在两个音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组有时还会有两种划分音节方式。如:yogurt(yo-gurt,yog-urt)。一些新产生的词的读音统一也需要一个过程,如:basic(ba-sic,bas-ic)。
观察下列单词音节的划分方式
| eleven → ehttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.giflev-en seven → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifsev-en enemy → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifen-e-my baby → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifba-by heavy → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifheav-y harmony → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifhar-mo-ny |
elephant → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifel-e-phant moment → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifmo-ment holiday → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifhol-i-day body → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifbod-y level → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.giflev-el Saturday → http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifSat-ur-day |
注:island Tuesday Thursday 三个词中的s起连结作用,划分到前一个音节中去。
sonorous 朗文字典音节划分为 so-nor-ous
We can pronounce a word by its spelling. But sometimes we have to spell a word according to its pronunciation. The two-way communication links us to the relationship between spelling and pronunciation. If we know the relationship better, we can memorize words more easily and efficiently. That's the goal we learn SPREW.
| 重读音节和非重读音节(前重后轻)的相邻处只有一个辅字组,前面音节里的元音是长元音,辅字组属于后面一个音节。(规则编号0-02b) | |
|
famous |
fa-mous |
| 重读音节和非重读音节(前重后轻)的相邻处,前面一个音节里的元音是短元音,辅字组属于前面一个音节(规则编号0-02c) | |
|
elephant |
el-e-phant |
③划分音节时要考虑词的来源,如:
baker 词源为 bake,为保持词源的完整,音节划分为 bak-er
teacher 词源为 teach,为保持词源的完整,音节划分为 teach-er
凡事都会有例外,有时候就不考虑词的来源,这有点象8-02规则的情形很类似,融合成为一个词的时候可以不考虑词的来源。
http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifel-e-va-tor
词源为 elevate
ref-uhttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifgee 词源为
refuge
rehttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifmar-ka-ble 词源为
remark + able
ser-vant 词源为 serve
ser-vice 词源为 serve
spechttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifta-tor 词源为
spectate
tanshttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifla-tor 词源为
tanslate
④非重读音节与非重读音节之间只有一个辅字组时,通常要使辅音处于音节开头的位置,就象汉字以声母开头一样,尽可能使每一个音节以辅音开头。
⑤
音节划分是手段,是认识拼写与读音对应关系的手段。单词音节的划分是个较为复杂的问题,不能奢望仅仅从单词的拼写形式来判断音节的划分方式,有时还要根据词的读音来划分音节,以便清楚地了解单词拼写的合理性 。无论是根据词形判断词的读音,还是根据词的读音来划分音节,都可以使我们深入细致地观察了解单词,在单词“音”与“形”之间建立起清晰的对应关系,从而达到牢记单词的目的。轻松地牢记英语单词是学习英语拼读规则的根本目的。
划分音节时不能把字组拆分到两个音节中去(chil-dren);br pr bl cr pl sp st等辅音连缀有时要当作字组来对待,即具有不可分割性,se-cret sa-cret mar-ble ta-ble ma-ple de-spise oy-ster;在某些字典上trouble(troub-le)一词的音节干脆就不划分了,library(li-bra-ry)i发长音,br属于后面的音节。有时又要考虑到词的来源或其他原因而不被当作字组来对待(ward-room Feb-ru-ar-y sec-re-tary)。凡事都有例外,字组tr有被拆到不同音节里的现象,如:pediatrics → pe-di-at-rics。这是因为Johns音标系统没有[tr]这个辅音,tr也就不被看作一个字组。
celebrate(cel-e-brate)
pomelo(pom-e-lo)
cyclist(cy-clist)
migrant(mi-grant)
micro(mi-cro)
拼写形式的音节划分方式与读音形式的音节划分方式有出现不一致现象
suspicion sushttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifpi-cion [shttp://www.sprew.net/library/uh.gifhttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifsphttp://www.sprew.net/library/i.gifhttp://www.sprew.net/library/f.gifn]
exact exhttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifact
[http://www.sprew.net/library/i.gif
http://www.sprew.net/library/acc.gifz
kt]
lis-ten cous-in spec-ial 里面的s和c与辅音字母构成成音节,划分音节时被划到前一个音节里。
How to divide a word when writing or typing
When writing or typing it is sometimes neccessary to divide a word at the end of the line because there is not enough space for the complete word. This division is always shown by adding a hyphen(-) immediately after the first part of the divided word at the end of the line. Many people prefer not to divide words at all (especially when writing by hand), but if you do, here are three considerations to help you.
1. By syllable
This means dividing the word into syllables or units of sound. For
example, the word kind has one syllable,
kind·ly has tow, un·kind·ly has
three and un·kind·li·ness has four.
2. By structure
This means dividing the word into the smaller units of meaning such
as anti-, dis-, un-, ect(as in anti·sep·tic, dis·ap·pear,
un·able) or an ending(a suffix) such as -age, -able,
-fully(as in post·age, agree·able,
grate·fully).
3. By meaning
This means deciding whether each part of the divided word can be
understood or spoken so that the complete word is easily
recongnised from the two parts. For example, it may be a compound
word made up of two different words, such as spot and
light in spot·light.
All three considerations must be used to decide whether and
where you can divide a word. Here are six useful rules to help
you:
1. Never divide a word within a syllable.
2. Never divide an ending (a suffix) of two syllables such as
-able, -ably, -fully.
3. With the exception of -ly, never divide a word so that
an ending of two letters such as -ed, -er, -ic begins the
next line.
4. Never divide a word so that one of the parts is a single
letter.
5. Never divide a word of one syllable.
6. Never divide a word of less than five letters.
Adapted from OXFORD ADVANCED LEARNER´S DICTIONARY OF CURRENT ENGLISH
练习4-04 利用长音、短音提示符号给下列单词划分音节。
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| noodle → noo-dle practice → prac-tice expert → ex-pert Lily → Lil-y modem → mod-em melon → mel-on activity → achttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.giftiv-i-ty |
pepper → pep-per chocolate → choc-o-late madam → mad-am target → tar-get lasy → la-sy Cuban → Cu-ban agent → a-gent |
tortoise → tor-toise nervous → ner-vous journey → jour-ney member → mem-ber powder → pow-der brother → broth-er human → hu-man |
练习4-04 利用长音、短音提示符号给下列单词划分音节。
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| noodle → noo-dle practice → prac-tice expert → ex-pert Lily → Lil-y modem → mod-em melon → mel-on activity → achttp://www.sprew.net/library/acc.giftiv-i-ty |
pepper → pep-per chocolate → choc-o-late madam → mad-am target → tar-get lasy → la-sy Cuban → Cu-ban agent → a-gent |
tortoise → tor-toise nervous → ner-vous journey → jour-ney member → mem-ber powder → pow-der brother → broth-er human → hu-man |
easy(eas-y) 从 ease 演变来,teacher(teach-er) 从 teach 演变来。划分音节时要保持词源的完整性。
有时可以根据拼写形式判断读音,有时是根据读音来划分音节,通过划分音节来理解单词拼写的合理性。学会观察拼写与读音的对就关系,可以深入细致地观察了解单词,从而达到牢记单词的目的,是学习拼读规则的主要目的。

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