教师不能不知道的最新教学信息——工作室学校”（Studio School）

TED论坛： 一个非盈利组织，是Technology，Entertainment， Design的缩写，每年该组织都会邀请全球各个领域的专家，爱好者将自己所从事的事业用简短、幽默、轻松活泼的方式展现给大众，所有的演讲都是自愿免费的。最重要的是，这些演讲人都深深的热爱着自己所做的一切，他们中有涂鸦爱好者、Google 的技术牛人、社会活动家、艾滋病志愿者、企鹅拯救者、民间艺术家等等。TED的每个演讲不超18分钟，TED的风格绝不是长篇大论，高深莫测，每一个演讲都是深入浅出，或激发你的灵感，或让你感动，或让你开怀大笑。你可以不关心演讲者所从事的领域，但你一定会喜欢他们的演讲风格，希望有一天，我们中有人也可以走上TED的论坛…

在TED论坛上看到了一个新的教学理念——工作室学校，20世纪上半叶，被亨利米勒(Henry Miller)称为他“所知道的唯一能完全摈弃自我的”伟大哲学家、宗教教育家克里希那穆提(J.Krishnamurti)在欧洲以英国为中心开办了多个学院，践行着他的教育创新理念，志在释放学生内在无限的潜力，培养灵性健全的“充满爱且觉醒的人”。

    今天，21世纪，同样是在英国，一种全新的教育模式、一种大胆的教育创新理念正在以蓬勃的势头慢慢铺开。在此次TED演讲中，来自英国Young Foundation的Geoff Mulgan为我们介绍了“工作室学校”（Studio School）相关理念与践行情况。

视频网址，请点击http://www.ted.com/talks/geoff_mulgan_a_short_intro_to_the_studio_school.html

有Ipad的朋友可以在App store 下载免费的TED视频观看程序，TED+SUB, 可以在线观看，也可以下载后离线看。

    大到国计民生，小到寻常百姓，教育永远是说不完的话题，同时也有着层出不穷的问题。在演讲中，Mulgan回顾了创办“工作室学校”的理念是源于当时教育出现的两个问题：一是有大量的青少年对学校产生厌倦与抵触，他们看不到所学知识对将来工作的实际作用；二是众多企业抱怨毕业生缺乏正确态度与实战经验，无法适应现实的工作与市场的需求。

    基于上述普遍存在的矛盾，经过多方长期的交流与调研，“工作室学校“应运而生。这是一种旨在重点培养学生非认知性技能——即驱动力和适应性技能的学校，以工作室的形式，把工作实践与学习有机地结合起来（work by learning, learn by working），从而达到最佳学习效果。这使我们想起了教育界中的“智能多元论”，即大多数人的智力发展都是不平衡的，每个人都有自己最擅长的智能领域，即“核心竞争力”。有些人逻辑思辨能力强，擅长理论学习；有些人善于分辨色彩、形象，视觉的冲击是激发其学习潜力的妙招；有些人动手能力强，通过各种实验与工作能使其学习效益达到最大化。

   然而，我们如今的教育体质与形式却恰恰奉行的是“智能一元论”。主流教育所注重的是认知性技能，更多的强调的是一个人的学术能力。恰好擅长这一智能领域的学生便能很好地适应主流教育，成为受到认可的“优等生”，而其余的学生则很可能在主流教育中屡屡受挫，因为得不到认可而产生厌学与抵触心理，甚至怀疑与否定自己，只有在走进社会之后，经过无数次探索的碰壁与挣扎的阵痛之后，有些人才最终撞出一条能发挥自己智能的道路，实现自我。而另外一些人，早期刻板的教育也许在一定程度上扼杀了他们的智能，在之后的人生中便再也无法找到属于自己的激情，找到真正的自我。

    而“工作室学校”的诞生，也正是为了让那部分无法适应主流教育的学生找到一个真正属于自己的空间与平台。在具体阐述新式学校的办学理念时，Mulgan谈道，教学的核心方式是实践、团队与实际工作。相对于主流教育的以课堂为核心的方式，“工作室学校”百分之八十的课程都是通过实践授权给商业机构的实际项目来完成的。每一位学生都会有一位导师 和几位老师，从而使他们获得充分的学习与方向性的指导。他们由时间表来指导工作学习日程，使得学生更像是置于商业领域的工作环境中，体现了工作于学习相结合的教学原则。

    虽然关于“工作室学校”想法的践行才刚刚起步，却得到了振奋人心的效果。首先，它得到了年轻人的广泛欢迎与支持，他们非常喜欢这种极富主动性与创造性的教学模式。其次，它也获得了政府与社会上相关人士的积极响应。教育部长宣称自己是其的忠实粉丝，商会负责人也成为了学校的主席。最后，最重要的是，在两年后的考试中（包括英国普通中等教育测试），表现最差的学生一跃成为了优等生，证明了这种教育模式在学生身上产生了极佳的教育效果。

    教育最强调的精神之一是“创新”。哈佛大学对其学生说“你们来这里的任务不是学习，而是创造”。然而，我们的教育本身确是一项缺乏创新的事业。我们的教育形式、教育体制、教育方法需要注入新鲜的血液，需要进行新的探索与变革。我们需要更多像“工作室学校”这样的新理念，尽管这样的探索会面临着重重障碍，比如资金不足、得不到主流社会的接受、因触动某些人的利益而受到压制等，但是只有这样的探索，才能为教育事业带来希望，才能为更多的家庭与个人带来希望。诚如Mulgan所说，“我们自认为所做的事情并不完美，但是我们坚信这个想法可以改变那些数千、甚至数百万厌倦学校教育的青少年的人生。”因此，从某种程度上来说，这样的创新也是以人道主义思想为支撑的，其背后的精神动力是——永远不放弃自己，也永远不放弃他人。

    20世纪下半叶，一位名叫Ruth Wright-Hayre的美国黑人女教育家出版了她的自传Tell Them We Are Rising: A Memoir of Faith in Education(《告诉他们我们正在崛起：有关对教育信仰的传记》)。我想这本书的题目正适用于“工作室学校”的建立与发展。从卢顿、布莱克浦到贯穿整个英格兰，从两所学校到十所再到明年的三十五所，星星之火可以燎原，愈来愈多的人开始关注并支持“工作室学校”的发展。“Tell them we are rising(告诉他们我们正在崛起)”——这正是Mulgan向我们传递的对于教育的坚定信仰。

演讲人介绍：Geoff Mulgan

Geoff Mulgan is director of the Young Foundation, a center for social innovation, social enterprise and public policy with a 50-year history of creating new organisations and pioneering ideas in fields as varied as aging, education, healthcare and poverty reduction.
Before the Young Foundation, Geoff Mulgan has held various roles in the UK government including director of the Government's Strategy Unit and head of policy in the Prime Minister's office, and he was the founder of the think-tank Demos. He is chairing a Carnegie Inquiry into the Future of Civil Society in the UK and Ireland. His most recent book is The Art of Public Strategy: Mobilising Power and Knowledge for the Common Good.

以下是演讲内容：

What I want to talk about today is one idea. It's an idea for a new kind of school, which turns on its head much of our conventional thinking about what schools are for and how they work. And it might just be coming to a neighborhood near you soon. Where it comes from is an organization called the Young Foundation, which, over many decades, has come up with many innovations in education, like the Open University and things like extended schools, schools for social entrepreneurs, summer universities and the School of Everything.

And about five years ago, we asked what was the most important need for innovation in schooling here in the U.K. And we felt the most important priority was to bring together two sets of problems. One was large numbers of bored teenagers who just didn't like school, couldn't see any relationship between what they learned in school and future jobs. And employers who kept complaining that the kids coming out of school weren't actually ready for real work, didn't have the right attitudes and experience.

And so we try to ask: What kind of school would have the teenagers fighting to get in, not fighting to stay out? And after hundreds of conversations with teenagers and teachers and parents and employers and schools from Paraguay to Australia, and looking at some of the academic research, which showed the importance of what's now called non-cognitive skills -- the skills of motivation, resilience -- and that these are as important as the cognitive skills -- formal academic skills -- we came up with an answer, a very simple answer in a way, which we called the Studio School. And we called it a studio school to go back to the original idea in the Renaissance where work and learning are integrated. You work by learning, and you learn by working. And the design we came up with had the following characteristics.

First of all, we wanted small schools -- about 300, 400 pupils -- 14 to 19 year-olds, and critically, about 80 percent of the curriculum done not through sitting in classrooms, but through real-life, practical projects, working on commission to businesses, NGO's and others. That every pupil would have a coach, as well as teachers, who would have timetables much more like a work environment in a business. And all of this will be done within the public system, funded by public money, but independently run. And all at no extra cost, no selection, and allowing the pupils the route into university, even if many of them would want to become entrepreneurs and have manual jobs as well. Underlying it was some very simple ideas that large numbers of teenagers learn best by doing things, they learn best in teams and they learn best by doing things for real -- all the opposite of what mainstream schooling actually does.

Now that was a nice idea, so we moved into the rapid prototyping phase. We tried it out, first in Luton -- famous for its airport and not much else, I fear -- and in Blackpool -- famous for its beaches and leisure. And what we found -- and we got quite a lot of things wrong and then improved them -- but we found that the young people loved it. They found it much more motivational, much more exciting than traditional education. And perhaps most important of all, two years later when the exam results came through, the pupils who had been put on these field trials who were in the lowest performing groups had jumped right to the top -- in fact, pretty much at the top decile of performance in terms of GCSE's, which is the British marking system.

Now not surprisingly, that influenced some people to think we were onto something. The minister of education down south in London described himself as a "big fan." And the business organizations thought we were onto something in terms of a way of preparing children much better for real-life work today. And indeed, the head of the Chambers of Commerce is now the chairman of the Studio Schools Trust and helping it, not just with big businesses, but small businesses all over the country.

We started with two schools. That's grown this year to about 10. And next year, we're expecting about 35 schools open across England, and another 40 areas want to have their own schools opening -- a pretty rapid spread of this idea. Interestingly, it's happened almost entirely without media coverage. It's happened almost entirely without big money behind it. It spread almost entirely through word of mouth, virally, across teachers, parents, people involved in education. And it spread because of the power of an idea -- so the very, very simple idea about turning education on its head and putting the things which were marginal, things like working in teams, doing practical projects, and putting them right at the heart of learning, rather than on the edges.

Now there's a whole set of new schools opening up this autumn. This is one from Yorkshire where, in fact, my nephew, I hope, will be able to attend it. And this one is focused on creative and media industries. Other ones have a focus on health care, tourism, engineering and other fields.

We think we're onto something. It's not perfect yet, but we think this is one idea which can transform the lives of thousands, possibly millions, of teenagers who are really bored by schooling. It doesn't animate them. They're not like all of you who can sit in rows and hear things said to you for hour after hour. They want to do things, they want to get their hands dirty, they want education to be for real. And my hope is that some of you out there may be able to help us.

We feel we're on the beginning of a journey of experiment and improvement to turn the Studio School idea into something which is present, not as a universal answer for every child, but at least as an answer for some children in every part of the world. And I hope that a few of you at least can help us make that happen.

Thank you very much.

部分反馈:

Comment on this Talk

Nick Heap

Jan 16 2013: I'm delighted that the studio school experiment has taken off so well. It's too easy to write off teenagers as being "thick" or "difficult" instead of listening to what they are saying and responding to how they like to learn. Everybody is different and learns best in a different way. I only know the details about one school which takes this all the way. At Sudbury Valley www.sudval.org there is no curriculum, children from all backgrounds from 4 to 18 study what they want to study, learn what they want to learn, in the way they want to learn it. The results are astonishing. The book about it "Free at Last", available from the website, is one of the three or four books that I would take to a desert island and read over and over again. (I have no connection to the school - I'm just enthusiastic about it!)

Nigel Daly

Jun 18 2012: In the last 10+ years, there have been education reforms happening at full steam across the world. It seems educators and entrepreneurs alike realize that there is a mismatch between the skills that traditional schools develop and the ones required by the 21st century workforce. However, it is perhaps students who have the strongest and most passionate views on this subject.

In my advanced level English as a foreign language class in a language school in Taiwan, we spent two weeks discussing Taiwan’s traditional, examination-based education system, the nations prevalent Confucian social attitudes towards education, and whether the Studio School - or its learning tenets - would be accepted in Taiwan. As you can see from the 6 responses below, the level of support for the learning principles embodied in the Studio School is matched by the level of pessimism about its suitability (ie acceptability) for Taiwan.

I was very impressed with their ideas and writing, and thought it would be nice to share them with others who may be interested in a view on this matter from a non-Western country in East Asia. Thank you TED for the great talks and educational platform for sharing ideas!

Jane Lin

Jun 16 2012: I am without doubt that the studio school is a good idea! In Taiwan and other Asian countries, people have focused on academic performance too much at the expenses of other indicators of success. However, academic achievements are not the only factors of success. The social, mental and physical developments play important roles as well. Hence, studio schools that encourage students to learn by doing and cooperating with other people may be another educational paradigm that helps students become well-rounded people.

As a student from Taiwan, I think it will be challenging to promote studio schools here. One of the main problems is the mechanism of evaluation (examination system) and the traditional (Confucian) values which regard academic achievements as a crucial measure of success. To be honest, there are prejudices and stereotypes against vocational schools that focus on practical subjects and professional trainings in specific career in Taiwan’s educational system. Attending vocational schools may be deemed as an inferior option for Taiwanese students whose academic performances are not good enough. In Taiwan, the bias against vocational schools may thus be a big obstacle to promoting studio schools.

Pi-fang Tsai

Jun 16 2012: In recent year, there has been a lot of debate about education in Taiwan. We discussed this talk in our class in Taiwan, and I think t.The studio school might work here but it would be quite hard to get it accepted. Due to the firmly entrenched education system, Incorporating the studio school into Taiwan will certainly take a long time. However, if it worked, my advice would be to start with focusing on high school first. We need to allow students to learn what they like instead of forcing them to study all the subjects. Furthermore, we should not always focus on books and textbooks to stress out students. After this we should rebuild the education system starting from changing the way we teach students. Actually, it is not necessary to emphasize what the textbooks teach us and taking countless quizzes. Our education overlooks the teamwork, creativity and those qualities are what really benefit students and society.Those ideas I suppose that how are the studio school works!

Sabrina Lee

Jun 16 2012: The idea of studio school is to let students learn by doing, which is a kind of experienced-based learning style. Students can develop the abilities which they have more interest in. Also, they have more freedom to make a choice. However, considering the education system that developed from the ancient times until now and the social values in Taiwan, the studio school is probably not a good idea for Taiwan. Comparing the normal schools here and the studio school, they have different styles of teaching and learning. Most Taiwanese parents and educators believe that students should follow the rules, sit in the classroom, and learn from the books step by step. They tend to believe that only by learning in a well-organized system can one develop a firm foundation in each field. Moreover, Taiwan's enterpreneurs like to hire people with brand name school education background. For those people who attend studio schools, they probably will not be accepted by these companies for not having the impressive scores are radically. It's hard for Taiwan to accept changes that different from the normal environment. There might be a lot of benefits of studio schools; however, it would not be implemented very well here in Taiwan.

Dorothy Chen

Jun 16 2012: As a Taiwanese student, I would like to share my views of the possibility of applying studio schools to the education system in Taiwan.
Studio schools would be a big change of learning for students in Taiwan, and it would also be a great challenge. Below are several factors that make it difficult to apply the innovative idea of studio schools to Taiwanese society. First, our education system, especially high school and below, is designed to focus on theory instead of practical application. Even vocational schools, which are more similar to studio schools compared to most public schools, require their students to take paper and pencil tests when entering college. Second, the way of thinking for studio school students is totally different from that of those who graduate from public schools, and it would be quite difficult for them to learn in the same way when sitting together in the same classroom in college. Last but not least, public values are perhaps the hugest barrier set before studio schools. Since the idea of “learning by doing” is not yet embraced by Taiwanese parents, it would take a long time to spread the notion and go on to convince parents to give studio schools a try.
Though there are many obstacles in the way, considering the various benefits that may enable students to fulfill their potential, I wish that someday, against all odds, studio schools could be put in practice.

brian su

Jun 16 2012: In Taiwan, there is a kind of school called 'Vocational Industrial High School ', and it has some similarity with studio school, such as "making hands dirty" or working as teams. Compared with the success of studio school, our version hasn't reached the same level because our social perspective generally doesn't accept the idea of kids joining the workforce, especially for 'Blue collar' jobs. And even some parents in Taiwan believe that studying (or Cramming) is the only way to success. So, I think that the influence of a great idea depends on the support of society.

Brian Wang

Jun 16 2012: Everyone is different and has different ways of learning. But the schools in Taiwan where I come from teach every student in the same way and try to make everyone the same. In their way of thinking this is called fairness. Unfortunately, the fairness in their mind is actually unfair. Some students may fit this way of educating in Taiwan, but some students may not. For these students, the studio school can be another choice. But what I was actually thinking is that, not only the studio school but also other kinds of schools should be created to help different students.

Marion Adamson500+

TEDx Organizer

Jun 6 2012: Love it! Many of the principles that seem to inform these schools are similar to Dr Maria Montessori's Erdkinder schooling for the exact same age group. Well done!!! Would be great to see data on current numbers and successes to inspire others.

Giovanni Ceron

May 22 2012: Dear Mr. Mulgan:
I am a teacher in Bogota DC Colombia. How can we help? It would be very interesting to count on this model in Colombia as well.
giovannidez@gmail.com

ryo ta

May 9 2012: Many school wear place which control children.
Why we go to school?
Why we let our children go to school?
Those answer lead to make new needed school.

ryo ta

May 9 2012: Many school "were" the place which control children.
Why we go to school?
Why we let our child go to school?
Those answer lead to make needed school.

Ismural Spencer

Dec 20 2011: I am in arrears at the moment. I have started a page on FB called "TeachToTeach ". This idea is familiar to what I wish to accomplish through this page. I have got some other thoughts and am highly at interest with moving forward. If possible, I am looking for advice to make this work properly. The school system needs help and I would like this to be my contribution to. The cause is genuine and i am willing to share my ideas to the right people.

Khabir Salahadyn

Dec 4 2011: This is what we are doing about education and creativity in our hood. The Ability Center www.thecollaboratory.com Feel free to contact us

Mohamed El Sharnoby500+

TED TranslatorTEDx Organizer

Nov 28 2011: A great idea for making schools before entering the college.
If we need a complete system of education it will be started with "Khan Academy" and continued with this idea in the video .. and the same idea for college as the ones who graduate too still need experience to work in their field.

akio goto

Nov 20 2011: I have the same idea too. and agree!! I wish support to you... but we don't have anything.So I "Tweet" the news in a month everyday. Please make it in Japan for the children and them future.

Ankit Gajjar

Nov 13 2011: Really nice work is done by people who invented idea of studio school and i think its necessary for student because a visual and practical study is easy to remind and everyone can get it.

Jakub Luberda30+

TED Translator

Nov 10 2011: So what it has been done before. The more schools of this type there are, the better. I wish I had attended one of such schools.

Catherine Tibbits

Nov 5 2011: Reference "Good at Doing Things"... Steve Hughes.

Catherine Tibbits

Nov 5 2011: Assisting the brain to establish learning habits & attitudes toward work & life are established way before teenage years... Many argue this is set before 6! Schools need reform from 3years, not just 14 years up. Again, I'll recommend you observe how children are learning in a Montessori school (anywhere in the world, despite socioeconomic status or cultural influence).

wang chuanxing

Nov 3 2011: That is a good way of teching and learning , but if that kind of thing come into our lives we need to face another problem which have brothered us for a long time, that is lacking excieses . And any way , i prefer that kind way of learning.

Corey Crawford

Nov 1 2011: The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architect has been doing the "Learn by Doing" since the 1930's. Mr. Wright started the Apprentice program and totally changed my life. Living in a community of creativity is the best choice I made!

Gwyneth Owen-Jackson

Oct 27 2011: This is an interesting idea, but the UK already has this in mainstream schools - it's called 'design & technology'. In good D&T teaching, pupils work through a process in which they identify a need or a problem, design/develop a solution and then make & evaluate. This could be developed much further, to bring in more team-work, more business skills and more 'real' tasks. But the British government is currently reviewing the curriculum and it's possible that D&T would be removed as a compulsory subject - this would be such a loss for thousands of young people.

It was also interesting to hear that the studio schools specialise in tourism, engineering, creative & media - the very titles of the Diploma subjects that the previous government introduced! Why not have 'generic' studio schools in which youngsters work on a variety of projects, why the specialisation?

So, an interesting idea but I'm not fully convinced.

j majik

Oct 21 2011: Nice theme of the speech. It really helps me to realize that we need to change the education methods in our non-stop changing world.

Nikki Kulawski

Oct 19 2011: This is teaching children to be workers in business professional settings. What happens if children don't want to follow the traditional working path that unfortunately, this studio school is ultimately alluding to. Maybe it's a far deeper issue than the education; an issue of what is valued and what is considered a "successful" life.

Allison Dycaico

Oct 10 2011: I attended an American "New Tech" school that sounds a lot like one of these studio schools. New Tech schools are project based, group based learning and most of the projects are presented to a panel of judges while wearing formal business attire. Like the studio schools, we had a predetermined limit of 400 students. It definitely helped me to retain interest in school, and learn crucial real world skills. It seems that schools like this are really entering the spotlight nowadays, for good reason.

I wish we had integrated the real world problems / working for nonprofits aspect, that seems really really important and enjoyable to be part of.

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