Director或Governor,理事还是总督?- 纽约(03)
(2021-02-20 21:05:45)
标签:
理事总督殖民地荷兰新阿姆斯特丹 |
分类: 翻译杂谈 |
在我们的印象中,殖民地都是要设总督的。比如,香港最后一任总督是彭定康,传奇中的佐罗,则是冒充总督的身份与威尔特上校斗智斗勇。佐罗的故事情节让我想到了《让子弹飞》,差别在于佐罗是侠客,最后正义战胜了邪恶,而张麻子本身就是土匪,他要灭的是恶霸黄四郎,而他冒充的县长却是妓女花钱捐来的官,整个一个黑吃黑。
那么,是不是从一开始殖民地就有总督呢?在翻译荷兰对于北美殖民地的管理时就会遇到这个问题。
It appears that Minuit arrived in New Amsterdam with the colony’s provisional director, Willem Verhulst, in the spring of 1625, about nine months after those 30 original Walloons had begun the arduous work of constructing a colony from scratch in the wilderness thousands of miles from home.
…
So, “on account of the bad conduct of Verhulst,” wrote one immigrant in 1626, the colony’s council voted upon Minuit’s return to make him their new director.
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, pp2-3
书一开始就涉及到了荷兰殖民地负责人如何称呼的问题。上述英文大意是:考虑到威廉·维赫斯特(Willem Verhulst)的种种问题,新尼德兰的移民将这位临时director给抓了起来,要知道这些人可不是西印度公司的人,并且同意等米纽特(Minuit)回来后,让米纽特当他们的director。
那这个director是谁派去的呢?继续读,发现米纽特此时正在荷兰述职,因为新阿姆斯特丹的牧师不断写信告发他能力有限、品德不端,西印度公司不知道该相信谁,而且认为这种内讧再持续下去无益,只好让两人回国接受调查:
Minuit denied the charges, insisting that Michaëlius was the liar, but the WIC directors, not knowing whom to believe and realizing that such a feud could not be allowed to continue, recalled them both at the end of 1631 for an investigation.
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p5
The WIC's directors in Amsterdam observed that“as people here encourage each other with the prospect of becoming mighty lords”in New Netherland, interest in settling the colony grew.
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p10
The Reverend Stuyvesant probably had some connections with Friesland's representatives on the WIC's board of directors, because Peter soon landed an entry-level job as a clerk at company headquarters in Amsterdam.
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p23
从WIC directors和WIC's directors可见,director是西印度公司的人,那这个director是什么?理事。从WIC's board of directors可见总部是“理事会”。为什么director译“理事”而不译“董事”?这源于它与东印度公司在管理上的差异。“东印度公司是一个股份有限公司”(张淑勤,荷兰史,三民书局,p118),东印度公司设董事会,“董事会由76人组成,但一般事务由实际掌权力的17人组成之理事会来管理”(张淑勤,p117),而“西印度公司的组成性质类似东印度公司,也是一个具有特许状的公司,由19人组成之理事会来管理”(张淑勤,p123)。说白了,东、西印度公司是国家支持的到全世界掠夺财富的机器。director就是经理人,派到各殖民地的director就是职业经理人。
那么,如何理解director general呢?这个词出现在一个理事管理多处殖民地的情况:
The WIC made him director general of Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba, and all of New Netherland, with a base of operations in New Amsterdam.
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p23
由原来管理一个库拉索岛的director,提升为管理多个岛屿的director general,管理一个殖民地是“理事”或“经理”,管理多个殖民地的director general自然是“总理事”,也就是“总经理”。那么,可不可以译“理事长”呢?不可,一般理事会的一把手才称“理事长”,它的英文名之一就是director general,如果不细加琢磨,更容易让人迷惑。
在殖民地的初级阶段,当地不可能有一个成熟的政府,也就不可能有代表政府的行政首脑-总督。所以,你会看到除了西印度公司的事务外,director也代表荷兰政府行使殖民地的行政管理权。但是,书中还出现了governor,如何理解?
John Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, founded a few years after New Amsterdam, advised that for the transatlantic journey his wife should pack a “store of fresh provisions, meale, egges put in salt or grounde malt, butter, peas and fruits . . . a large frying panne, a small stewinge panne, and a case to boyle pudding.”
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p13
Stuyvesant and his fellow New Amsterdamers were horrified by the prospect of a significant, permanent population of Jews in the colony. The governor immediately asked the WIC for permission to expel them…
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, p27
考虑到governor出现在讲述斯泰弗森特的句子中,而斯泰弗森特是驻新阿姆斯特丹的director general,因此,governor是“总理事”,不能译为“总督”,尽管它有“总督”之意。
可是,当英国人从荷兰人手中夺走曼哈顿后,那里的governor就是“总督”了,因为它是国王任命的,有官方身份。比如:
New Yorkers did not welcome the Irish Catholics with open arms. Commenting on a shipload of Irish soldiers who arrived in New York in 1700 after a twelve-week transatlantic journey, New York’s Irish-born Protestant governor Lord Bellomont complained that “the recruits that came from Ireland are a parcel of the vilest fellows that ever wore the King’s livery, the very scum of the army in Ireland,” including many “papists.”
-Tyler Anbinder, City of Dream, Mariner, p51
纽约人并没有张开双臂欢迎爱尔兰天主教徒。总督贝洛蒙勋爵是爱尔兰出生的纽约新教徒,1700年,在得知一船爱尔兰士兵经过12周的跨大西洋旅行抵达纽约后,发表了一番评论,不无抱怨地说:“来自爱尔兰的新兵是一群最卑鄙的家伙,穿着国王的制服,却是爱尔兰军队的渣滓”,包括很多“教皇党人”。

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