一月
(2024-01-30 16:34:32)
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一月历法百科全书翻译 |
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JANUARY, in the Gregorian calendar, is the first month of the year. It has 31 days. January was sacred to the Roman god Janus (q.v.), whose name means “door” and who was the deity of beginnings. January was originally the 11th month of the year, added about 700 B. C. to the 10-month early Roman calendar, which began in March.
1月,在公历中,是一年的第1个月。它有31天。1月对罗马雅努斯神(两面神)来说是神圣的,他的名字意味着“门”,而且是开端之神。1月最初是一年中的第11个月,大约在公元前700年添加到从3月开始,10个月的早期罗马历法中。
In 153 B. C., January 1, the day new consuls took office, was made the start of the Roman civil year; it continued so in the Julian calendar of 45 B. C. Popular usage, however, still regarded March, the season of the spring equinox, as the beginning of the new year. In medieval Europe, to avoid pagan customs, the new year was generally celebrated on a Christian feast day, and January 1 as not accepted as New Year’s Day (q. v.) in England and Sweden until the mid-18th century, when those countries finally adopted the Gregorian calendar. Secular holidays in January include New Year’s Day, a time of general celebration. The chief religious holidays are Twelfth Night (January 5) and Epiphany (January 6).
公元前153年,1月1日,新执政官上任的那天,被作为罗马民事年的开始;然而,在公元前45年儒略历的流行使用中一直是这样,仍然被视为春分季节的3月,作为新年的开始。在中世纪的欧洲,为避免异教习俗,新年通常是在基督教的节日庆祝的,而一直到18世纪,当英国和瑞典最终采用公历时,这些国家才将1月1日作为了元旦。1月的世俗假日包括元旦,一个普遍庆祝的时刻。主要的宗教节日是第12夜(1月5日)和主显节(1月6日)。
Noteworthy events that occurred to January are Caesar’s crossing the Rubicon (Jan. 10, 49 B. C.), the beheading of Louis XVI of France (Jan. 21, 1793), the discovery of gold in California (Jan. 24, 1848), and the first assembly of the United Nations, in London (Jan. 10, 1946). Famous people born in January include Cicero (Jan. 3, 106 B. C.), Frederick the Great (Jan. 24, 1712), Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756), and Robert E. Lee (Jan. 19, 1807).
发生在1月,值得注意的事件是凯撒在横渡卢比肯河(公元前1月10日),法国路易十六的斩首(1793年1月21日),在加利福尼亚发现金矿(1848年1月24日),以及伦敦的第一次联合国大会(1946年1月10)。在1月出生的名人包括西塞罗(公元前106年,1月3日),腓特烈大帝(1712年1月24日),莫扎特(1756年1月27日),以及罗伯特·E. 李(1807年1月19日)。
In the Northern Hemisphere, January is a winter month, called “Wolf Month” by the Anglo-Saxons. In the French Revolutionary calendar it corresponded to arts of the months of Nivose (“month of snow”) and Pluviose (“month of rain”). The birthstone for January is the garnet, and flowers associated with the month are the carnation and the snowdrop. See also Calendar.
在北半球,1月是一个冬季月份,被盎格鲁撒克逊人称为“狼月”。在法国大革命的历法中,它与Nivose月(“雪月”)和Pluviose月(“雨月”)的艺术相对应。1月的诞生石是石榴石,而与该月有关的花是康乃馨和雪莲花。也可参阅日历词条。
(译者注:该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版,第15卷,第693页)