SUPEREGO is a psychoanalytic concept designating a major element of personality. The concept was developed by Sigmund Freud, who gave the name “superego” to the agency responsible for self-imposed standards of conduct and morality and the source of feelings of self-approval or guilt. He presented the concept fully in The Ego and the Id (1923), which postulated THREE major components within man’s personality: id, ego, and superego.

超我是一个精神分析概念，是指人格的主要因素。这个概念由弗洛伊德提出，他将“超我”命名为负责自我施加的行为和道德标准的中介，以及自我肯定或罪恶感的来源。他在《自我与本我》（1923年）中全面阐述了这个概念，它在人的人格中假设了三个主要部分：本我、自我和超我。

The id contains biological and sexual drives seeking immediate gratification and pleasure. The ego develops as the child discovers that immediate gratification is not always possible. It is the system of higher mental processes controlling the acquisition of skills and techniques for achieving goals within the bounds of the real world. The superego is the internal representative of the values and ideals of the society. It is the moral part of the personality, representing the ideal rather than the actual and demanding goodness rather than pleasure.

本我包含了寻求即时满足和快乐的生物与性的驱动力。当孩子发现即时满足不可能总能实现时，就会发展出自我。它是更高级的精神过程系统，控制着在真实世界中获得达成目标的技能和方法。超我是社会价值和理想的内在代表。这是人格的道德部分，代表理想，而非实际，以及需要的善良，而非快乐。

Freud held that the superego developed in response to parental rewards and punishments. Transgressions of this internalized code are felt, consciously or unconsciously, as deserving of punishment, following a pattern of guilt and atonement. The child thus incorporates both the approving and punishing features of the all-important parents as a powerful and enduring agency within his own personality. Freud emphasized the early childhood years and basic identification with parents in superego formation. Many psychologists have also studied the considerable importance of later experience in the acquisition and modification of conscience and morality. See also EGO; ID.

弗洛伊德认为，超我的形成是对父母奖罚的回应。违反这种内化的道德准则是可以感觉到的，当该受到惩罚时，有意识或无意识地遵循了内疚和补偿的模式。这样，孩子就把父母所有重要的赞许和处罚的特征合并成他自己人格中的一种强力而持久的部分。在超我形成中，弗洛伊德强调了童年的早期与父母的基本认同。许多心理学家还研究了后来的经历在良心和道德的获得和改变上的重要性。也可参阅自我；本我词条。

                                       ALDEN E. WESSMAN

                                    The City College, New York

                                       奥尔登·E. 韦斯曼

                                         城市学院，纽约

                                       2023年2月26日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大百科全书》1985年版，第26卷，第32页）