ID. In Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, the id is the original, most primitive basis of personality and a reservoir of biological impulses and drives.

本我。在弗洛伊德的人格理论中，本我是人格原始的，最本能的基础，以及生物冲动和驱动力的蓄水池。

Freud’s book The Ego and the Id, published in 1923, represents his first attempt at a general theory of personality. According to his view, man is born with various biological impulses that are not necessarily in harmony and that seek gratification without regard to the reality of the circumstances surrounding the individual at any given time. These biological drives are called the id, and they seek immediate gratification. In Freud’s terms, the id operates on the basis of the “pleasure principle.”

弗洛伊德于1923年出版的《自我与本我》一书代表了他对人格一般理论的首次尝试。根据他的观点，人生来就有各种不一定是和谐的生物冲动，而且在不考虑围绕着该个体的任何给定时间的现实环境中寻求满足。这些生物驱动力被称为本我，它们寻求即时的满足。在弗洛伊德的术语中，本我是基于“快乐原则”运行的。

During the course of development, the child learns to cope with the restraints and demands of external reality and to modify the demands of the id in keeping with the probability of gratification in a given situation. When he can evaluate the demands of the id against the demands of the reality of his situation, the child is said to have developed an ego.

在成长过程中，孩子学会了应付外部现实的限制和要求，并修改本我的需求以符合在给定环境中满足的可能性。当他能针对现实环境的需求来评估本我的需求时，据说孩子就发展出了自我。

In Freud’s early theories the libido represented the sex drive and was considered to be a major energy system behind behavior. Later, Freud regarded the libido as the most important source of energy of the Id. In turn, the id provides the energy for the total personality, which is composed of the id, the ego, and the superego. The superego develops after the ego and represents the internalized values and attitudes of parents and society. The id seeks gratification by two processes: biological reflex actions and a psychological reaction called “primary process.” Primary process seeks to release id tension by forming an image that will relieve the drive; these wish-fulfilling images occur as hallucinations, visions, and fantasies.

在弗洛伊德早期的理论中，力比多代表了性冲动，并被认为是行为背后主要的能量系统。后来，弗洛伊德认为，力比多是本我最重要的能量来源。反过来，本我又为组成本我、自我和超我的整体人格提供了能量。超我在自我之后发展并代表了父母和社会的内化价值和态度。本我通过两个过程来寻求满足：生物反射行动和称为“原始过程”的心理反应。原始过程通过形成一个可释放驱动的影像来释放本我的紧张；这些满足愿望的影像是以幻觉、想象和幻想的形式出现。

                                           AUSTIN E. GRIGG

                                      University of Richmond

                                           奥斯汀·格里格

                                             里奇蒙大学

                                       2023年2月26日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第14卷，第725页）