NOMINALISM, the name one of two rival schools of medieval philosophy. The dispute between the two schools concerned the nature of general, or abstract, ideas or of “universals.” One schools contended that abstractions—for example, an abstract circle, or beauty, or right—had a real existence apart from round things, beautiful objects, and right actions. This was called “realism” and was the view maintained by Plato. Those who held the opposite view were called “nominalists” because they held that there is nothing general but “names.” The name “circle” is applied to everything that is round and is a general name, but no independent fact or property corresponds to the name.

唯名论，中世纪哲学的两个敌对学派之一的名称。两个学派之间关于一般、抽象、观念或“普遍性”性质的争论。一派认为，抽象—例如，抽象的圆、美丽或公正—除了圆形的东西，美丽的对象以及公正的行为外，抽象是真实的存在。这被称为“实在论”，也是柏拉图坚持的观点。那些持相反观点的人被称为“唯名论者”，因为他们认为，除了“名称”外，不存在什么一般的东西。“圆”这个名称适用于所有圆的东西，而且是一个通称，但并没有独立的事实或性质符合这个名称。

Specifically the controversy concerned the existence of universals or of genera and species and arose out of a passage in the Latin translation of the lsagoge by Porphyry, a Greek scholar of the 3d century A. D. In the latter part of the 11^th century Rosocellinus, canon of Loches, France, was the first advocate of nominalism and maintained that general ideas have no separate entity. He was charged with holding heretical opinions concerning the Trinity, cited before the Council of Soissons, and condemned in 1092. His first great opponent was Saint Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury. Peter Abelard, a pupil of Roscellius, modified his views into what is known as “conceptualism.”

确切地说，它涉及到普遍性的存在或属和种存在的争论，源自公元三世纪的一位希腊学者波菲利在《lsagoge》的拉丁语译本中的一段。在十一世纪后半叶，法国洛什的大教堂教士洛塞林是唯名论的第一个倡导者，认为一般概念没有单独的实体。他被指控在苏瓦松议会前引用涉及三位一体的异端观点，并于1092年被定罪。他的第一个重要对手是坎特伯雷圣·安塞姆大主教。洛塞林的一位学生彼得·阿伯拉尔将他的观点修改为所谓的“概念论”。

                                           2023年2月3日译

（译者注：该词条位列《大美百科全书》1985年版，第20卷，第404页）