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结构分析的四个层面:句子层面

(2008-02-04 19:55:28)
标签:

教育

分类: 英语教学文摘
  句子层面的结构研究属句法学的研究范围。句法学主要研究词或短语组合成句的规则,以及句子结构内部的各个成分之间的相互关系。

词是句子结构中的一个基本单位。按其句法功能和意义的不同,词可被分成不同的类别,如现代英语中的词就分成了名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、连词、介词、数词、冠词和感叹词等十大类。

短语指的是由一组词按一定结构规则连结起来的语言单位,这种单位一般不含限定性动词,也不含主谓结构,其结构功能相当于一个名词、形容词或副词等。英语中的短语主要有以下几类:

1)名词短语,例如:an English teacher

2)形容词短语,例如:nice and easy

3)副词短语,例如:very fast

4)介词短语,例如:at the foot of the hill

5)非限定性动词短语,例如:to catch the bus

从句是句子的一部分。从句不同于短语之处在于它有自己的主语和谓语,其结构功能相当于一个名词、形容词或副词。英语中的从句主要有三类:

1)名词性从句,其中包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等四种类型。例如:

1Whether she will come to the dance is still not known

(主语从句)

2He said that he would go there a week later

(宾语从句)

3His suggestion is that we should ask them for help

(表语从句)

2)定语从句,包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种类型。例如:

1I don 't know the man who is smoking by the door

(限定性定语从句)

2MrSmithwho arrived here yesterdayis a linguisticprofessor

(非限定性定语从句)

3)状语从句,例如:

1It was snowing when he got to the station

(时间状语从句)

2He did not come becausc he was ill

(原因状语从句)

3Wherever he happens to beJohn can make himself athome

(地点状语从句)

4Please do exactly as your doctor says

(方式状语从句)

5The temperature lowered so much that the water froze

(程度状语从句)

6He told us such a funny story that we all laughed

(结果状语从句)

7I hid the book so that he should not see it

(目的状语从句)

8If it rainswe shall stay at home

(条件状语从句)

9I shouldn 't have time to see him even if he were here

(让步状语从句)

句子是一个独立的、最大的语言形式,是句法分析的最大单位。句子的分类可从功能和结构两个方面来进行。按功能的不同,英语的句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等四类,例如:

1Guangzhou is in the south of China.(陈述句)

2Do you speak English?(疑问句)

3Come inplease.(祈使句)

4What a beautiful picture it is!(感叹句)

按结构的类型,英语的句子又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句三类。例如:

1I get up at six in the morning every day.(简单句)

2John went there but he didn 't see Mary.(并列句)

3If it rains tomorrowwe 'll stay at home.(复合句)

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