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外刊赏读(《大西洋月刊》2016年6月30日)

(2016-08-19 11:06:55)
标签:

杂谈

​本文节选自《大西洋月刊》2016630日一篇名为 “Learning to Be Human” (《学会做人》)的文章。在一个迷恋科学、技术、数据的时代,人文学科正在衰落。但是它们比任何时候都重要。 

【原文及翻译】

Ⅰ①Earlier this month, the Washington Post journalist Jeff Guo wrote a detailed account of how he’d managed to maximize the efficiency of his cultural consumption. ②“I have a habit that horrifies most people,” he wrote. ③“I watch television and films in fast forward … the time savings are enormous. ④Four episodes of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt fit into an hour. ⑤An entire season of Game of Thrones goes down on the bus ride from D.C. to New York.”

本月早些时候,《华盛顿邮报》的记者杰夫·郭写下一份他是如何成功地让文化消费的效率最大化的详细记录。“我有一个会吓到大部分人的习惯”他写道。“我用快进模式看影视剧……节约下来的时间是惊人的。一个小时看完4集《坚强的我》,坐大巴从华盛顿特区到纽约的这段时间看完了整季的《权力的游戏》。”

Ⅱ①Guo’s method, which he admits has ruined his ability to watch TV and movies in real time, encapsulates how technology has allowed many people to accelerate the pace of their daily routines. ②But is faster always better when it comes to art? ③In a conversation, Drew Gilpin Faust, the president of Harvard University, and the cultural critic Leon Wieseltier agreed that true study and appreciation of the humanities is rooted in slowness—in the kind of deliberate education that can be accrued over a lifetime. ④While this can seem almost antithetical at times to the pace of modern life, and as subjects like art, philosophy, and literature face steep declines in enrollment at academic institutions in the U.S., both argued that studying the humanities is vital for the ways in which it teaches us how to be human.

郭承认这种方法已经毁掉了他观看实时电视和电影的能力,他的方法概括了科技是如何让许多人加快日常生活的步伐的。但是谈到艺术,更快是否总是更好?在一次对话中,哈佛大学校长德鲁·吉尔平·福斯特和文化评论家李昂·维茨提同意,真正的对人文的学习和欣赏植根于慢——通过一生可以积累的有意识的教育。尽管这似乎有时候和现代生活节奏完全背道而驰,而且尽管美国学术机构的艺术、哲学和文学等学科面临入学人数陡降,他们都主张学习人文对于教会我们如何做人的方法非常重要。

Ⅲ①The statistics Faust cited paint a fairly grim portrait of the humanities’ declining prestige. ②At the end of World War II, 11 percent of students nationwide chose to major in the humanities. ③In the 1960s, this figure rose to 17 percent, but now it stands at around 6 percent. ④Students are increasingly drawn to vocational majors in subjects like business, medicine, science, and education. ⑤“What we need to do is recognize the limitations of that mentality,” Wieseltier said. ⑥“The purpose of the humanities is not primarily utilitarian, it is not primarily to get a job ... ⑦The purpose of the humanities is to cultivate the individual, cultivate the citizen.”

福斯特引用的数据描绘了一幅人文学科地位下降的惨淡画面。二战末期,全美国11%的学生选择人文学科作为专业。60年代,这个数字上升到17%,但是目前在6%上下浮动。学生越来越受到有助于就业的专业吸引,比如商学、医学、科学和教育。“我们需要做的是认识到这种思维的局限性”维茨提说。“人文学科的主要目的不是为了实用,主要不是用来找工作……。人文学科的目的是培养个人,培养公民。” 

Ⅳ①Part of the problem, he argued, is a culture that—aided by technology—has come to value speed and conclusive answers over leisurely thought and complex questions. ②The “instant gratification of Google,” he said, has reduced knowledge “to the status of information, but information is highly inferior. Knowledge requires inquiry, method, and above all, time.” ③The impulse to voraciously consume as much news (or as many television shows) as possible in a short span of time is fundamentally at odds with deep consideration of questions about the universe, or measured study of culture. ④Faust cited a Harvard art history professor who assigns her students the task of spending three hours looking at a single work of art in a museum. Initially they’re horrified, she said, but “by hour three they’re seeing all kinds of things that they hadn’t noticed in hour one.”

他主张一部分原因在于,出现了一种文化——有技术支持的——更看重速度和决定性的答案而不是从容的思考和复杂的问题。“谷歌即时满足”他说,已经让知识贬低到“信息的地位,但是信息是特别不重要的。知识需要探究,方法,还有最重要的时间”。在很短的时间内贪婪地看完尽可能多的新闻(或者是电视节目)的冲动和深思关于宇宙的问题或者有条不紊地学习文化在根本上相违背。”福斯特引用了一位哈佛艺术史教授的故事,她给学生布置了一项任务,在博物馆里盯着一件艺术作品看三个小时。一开始,学生们被吓到了,但是她说,“到了第三个小时,他们看到了在第一个小时里没有注意到的各种东西。”

Ⅴ①The irony of the humanities’ declining prestige is that what they teach seems to be urgently needed in a polarized culture. ②“The humanities are such an important vehicle for widening the world … for teaching empathy for people outside yourself,” Faust said. ③“In this time of increasing tribalism, this seems like such a critical role.” ④History teaches students about the context of choices made in the past. ⑤Philosophy forces them to think about morality. ⑥Theater, literature, and film put students into the mindset of others. ⑦In difficult times, people inevitably turn to the humanities to try to understand adversity. ⑧“People in trouble don’t turn to regression analysis,” Wieseltier said. ⑨“Their souls require the fortification and the wisdom that only humanistic thinking can provide.”[589words]

人文学科地位下降的讽刺之处是,其教授内容似乎是极端文化中紧急需要的。“人文学科是如此重要的工具,帮助你开阔视野,教会你对他人产生同理心”福斯特说。“在这个派系观日益强势的时代,这似乎是一个如此关键的角色。”历史交给学生过去做出种种决策的环境。哲学强迫学生思考道德问题。戏剧、文学和电影让学生用他人的思维模式看问题。在困难时期,人们必然转向人文学科尝试理解困境。“遇到麻烦的人们不会求助于回归分析,”维茨提说。“他们的灵魂需要只有人文思考能够提供的坚强和智慧。”

(Learning to Be Human. By Sophie Gilbert. June 30th, 2016. The Atlantic.)

【词汇短语】

1. go down (将食物、饮料)吞下,喝下

2. *encapsulate [ɪnˈkæpsjuleɪt] v. 概述

3. deliberate [dɪˈlɪbərət] adj. 故意的

4. *accrue [əˈkru:] v. 积累

5. *antithetical [ˌæntɪ'θetɪkl] v. 对立的

6. at times 有时

7. enrollment [ɪn'rəʊlmənt] n. 入学

8. grim [grɪm] adj. 严峻的

9. prestige [preˈsti:ʒ] n. 声誉,地位

10. mentality [menˈtæləti] n. 心智

11. *utilitarian [ˌju:tɪlɪˈteəriən] adj, 功利的

12. *gratification [ˌgrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 满足

13. inferior [ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)] adj. 低等的

14. *voraciously [və'reɪʃəslɪ] 贪婪的

15. at odds 不一致

16. *empathy [ˈempəθi] n. 共鸣,同理心

17. tribalism [ˈtraɪbəlɪzəm] n. 部落性

18. morality [məˈræləti] n. 道德

19. inevitably [ɪnˈevɪtəbli] adv. 难免

20. *adversity [ədˈvɜ:səti] n. 逆境

21. *fortification [ˌfɔ:tɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n. 防御工事

(注:标*的为超纲词)

【点评】

段Ⅰ为引子,以《华盛顿邮报》记者郭的轶事吸引读者注意。go down(if food or drink goes down, you swallow it)通常和食物搭配,这里把电视剧比喻成食物,生动地勾画出“狼吞虎咽”的形象,凸显看剧人急躁求快的心理。

段Ⅱ①句概括上文,郭的方法是人们利用科技加快生活节奏的缩影。②句以问句提出文章话题,人文领域要“快”还是要“慢”。③④句引用专家观点,肯定“慢”的重要性,关键词是slowness。

段Ⅲ描述人文学科在美国地位下降的情况。①句grim portrait 是人文学科得不到重视的生动写照。②③句以具体数据对比出当前人文学科遇冷的状况。④句分析人文遇冷的原因:文科不容易就业。⑤句借专家之口进行评价,limitations 说明“重利轻文”的想法有诸多局限。⑥⑦句指出人文学科的主要目的不是为了实用,而是为了培养人格。

段Ⅳ承上具体分析“轻视人文”导致的问题以及人文学科的重要性。value over B(A相比,更看重B)直接将“快科技”与“慢人文”对比。②句以Google为例,说明因为过度依赖科技,人们懒于思考,需要内化的知识如今沦为信息。③句说明人文的重要性:有深度的问题不能求快,只能沉下心来思考。④句举例支持③句,深入观察和思考能够能发现更多东西。

段Ⅴ重申人文对当今社会的重要性。①句polarized culture(极端文化)说明当今社会重理轻文,发展极端不平衡,urgently needed说明当今社会急切需要人文学科的滋养。②句引用哈佛大学校长福斯特说明人文学科的作用:开阔视野,增强同理心。关键词是 an important vehicle。③句承上句解释人文学科对增强同理心的重要作用,tribalism(派系化)指人们只关心自己的小圈子,一心利己,对外人people outside yourself 漠不关心,人文学科有助于打破这种狭隘,发挥重要作用(a critical role). ④⑤⑥句以历史、哲学、艺术(戏剧、文学、电影)为例,具体说明不同的人文学科的作用。⑦⑧⑨句再次对比说明科技之所短,人文之所长。


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