正东方教育初一下Unit 5 Water

英语（上海牛津版）

 

一、课文再现

二、重点知识

三、知识详解

四、语法讲解

五、感官动词后跟 非谓语 做宾语补足语

六、用 few, a few,  fewer, fewest; little, a little,less, least填空

 Unit 5    Water talks

 

一、课文再现

 

Dora was in the bathroom. The tap was on.

“Turn that tap off,” said an angry voice. “ You’re wasting water.”

Dora looked around, but there was no one there.

“Who are you?”

“I’m a drop of water. Do you know where I come from?”

“From the tap?” asked Dora.

“A few days ago, I was in a cloud,” said the drop of water. “Then I dropped into a river and ran into a reservoir. Then it was time for people to clean me.”

“Clean you?” Dora asked.

“Yes. I was dirty. They cleaned me and added some chemicals to me. Then I travelled through the pipes under the streets and now I’m here.”

Dora asked, “So is this the end of your journey?”

“No. People will make me clean again. I’ll go into a river and then into the sea again.”

“Again?”

“Yes. My journey starts there. Remember not to waste or pollute me. I’m valuable.”

Dora turned the tap off and came out of the bathroom.

 

水讲话

朵拉在浴室里。水龙头打开着。

“关掉水龙头，”一个生气的声音说。“你在浪费水。”

朵拉环顾四周，但是没有一个人在那里。

“你是谁”

“我是一滴水。你知道我来自哪里吗？”

“来自水龙头？“朵拉问。

“几天前，我在一朵云彩里，”这滴水说。“然后我掉进河里，流进一个水库。然后到了人们清洁我的时候了。”

“清洁你？”朵拉问。

“是的。我是脏的。他们清洁我，并且给我添加一些化学物质。

然后我通过街道下面的管子旅行，现在我在这里。

朵拉问，“因此这是你旅行的终点了？”

“不。人们将再次使我干净。我将流进一条河里，然后再次进入大海。”

“再次？ ”

“是的。我的旅行在那里开始。记得不要浪费或污染我。我是宝贵的。”

朵拉关掉水龙头，出了浴室。

 

 

二、重点知识

重点单词

drop journey quantity experiment fresh salt on voice reservoir add chemical through pope valuable bit bank change return vapour form stir continue crystal

重难点词组

1. drop  n 水滴   v 掉下；落下

  Where are these drops of water from ?

  Be careful not to drop that plate.

vt. 滴；使降低；使终止；随口漏出
vi. 下降；终止
n. 滴；落下；空投；微量；滴剂
过去式 dropped或dropt

 

过去分词 dropped或dropt

 

现在分词 dropping

 

drop in

(使)落进；(使)往里坍塌：
The roof of the theatre dropped in on them.剧场屋顶坍落在他们身上。

偶然(或顺便)走访(或访问)(on)；逐渐进入：
Drop in sometime tomorrow.明天什么时候请顺便来一下。

 

Drop in on me at any time.什么时候都可以来我这里。

She often dropped in for coffee.她常过来喝杯咖啡。

[口语](有选择地)加入；愿意(或决心)参加：
Many students are dropping in to classes.

很多学生在上各种班。

a drop of

 

A drop of sweat slid down her cheek and soaked into her mask.

 

一大滴汗水从她额头上落下，滑过脸颊，浸入口罩之中。

 

 

I dropped my glasses and broke them.

我不小心掉了眼镜，把它摔破了。

He felt hot tears dropping onto his

 fingers.他感到热泪滴在他的手指上。

Drop the noodles into the water.

把面条下到水里。

例：
...television footage of bombs dropping on the city.

…多枚炸弹投向该城市的电视片段。

例：
...the dropping of the first atomic bomb.

…第一枚原子弹的投掷。

Nancy dropped into a nearby chair.南希在旁边的椅子上瘫坐了下去。

She let her head drop.她把头垂了下来。

8. 
V-I To drop is used in expressions such as to be about to drop and to dance until you drop to emphasize that you are exhausted and can no longer continue doing something. (由于精疲力竭而) 放弃 [no cont] [强调]

例：
She looked about to drop.她看上去要放弃了。

9. 
V-T/V-I If your voice drops or if you drop your voice, you speak more quietly. 使 (声音) 变小; (声音) 变小

例：
Her voice will drop to a  whisper.她的

声音将要降低成低语。

10. 
V-T If you drop someone or something somewhere, you take them somewhere and leave them there, usually in a car or other vehicle. 将…送到并放下

例：
He dropped me outside the hotel.

他让我在旅店外下了车。

11. 
PHRASAL VERB Drop off means the same as . 将…送到并放下

例：
Just drop me off at the airport.

把我送到飞机场下车就行。

12. 
V-T If you drop an idea, course of action, or habit, you do not continue with it. 放弃 (想法、行动、习惯等)

例：
He was told to drop=give up the idea.他被告知放

弃这个想法。

13. 
dropping N-UNCOUNT 放弃

例：
This was one of the factors that led to President Suharto's dropping of his previous objections.这是导致苏哈托总统放弃他先前反对意见的因素之一。

14. 
V-T If someone is dropped by a sports team or organization, they are no longer included in that team or employed by that organization. 把…除名; 把…解职 [usu passive]

例：
Alexander has been dropped from his multimillion-dollar-a-year job as spokesman for the company.

亚历山大已经被拿掉了年薪数百万的发言人的工作。

15. 
V-I If you drop to a lower position in a sports competition, you move to that position. (在比赛中) 名次下降

例：
She has dropped to third in the world

 ranking.她已跌至世界排名第三。

16. 
N-COUNT A drop of a liquid is a very small amount of it shaped like a little ball. In informal English, you can also use drop when you are referring to a very small amount of something such as a drink. 滴; (如酒) 少量

例：
...a drop of blue ink.

…一滴蓝墨水。

17. 
N-COUNT You use drop to talk about vertical distances. For example, a thirty-foot drop is a distance of thirty feet between the top of a cliff or wall and the bottom of it. 垂直距离

例：
There was a sheer drop just outside my window.

我的窗外就是一个绝对垂直的落差。

18. 
N-PLURAL Drops are a kind of medicine which you put drop by drop into your ears, eyes, or nose. (滴入的) 药水

例：
And he had to have these drops in his eyes as well.

而且他还必须把这些药水滴进眼睛里。

19. 
PHRASE If you drop a hint, you give a hint or say something in a casual way. 露口风

例：
Jerry dropped hints that he and Julie were talking about getting married.

杰里露出口风说他同朱莉已谈婚论嫁了。

20. 
PHRASE If you want someone to drop the subject, drop it, or let it drop, you want them to stop talking about something, often because you are annoyed that they keep talking about it. 别再讨论某事

例：
Mary Ann wished he would just drop it.

玛丽安希望他不要再谈这事。

21. 
to drop dead →see dead

22. 
at the drop of a hat →see hat

23. 
a drop in the ocean →see ocean

 

2. journey  n 旅行；旅程  trip 旅行；旅程

  Did you have a good journey ?

3. quantity  n 数量  amount 数量

  I only bought a small quantity of cheese.

4. experiment  n 实验； 试验 v 做实验；做试验

  They have to do experiments to find out if the drug is safe for humans.

  I don’t think it’s right to experiment on animals.

5. fresh  adj 淡的；无盐的

  The island is short of fresh water.

6. salt n 盐  salty adj 咸的

  How much salt did you put in the soup ? It’s too salty.

7. on adv (表示已连接、处于工作状态或使用中)

  All the lights were on

  off  adv (表示已断开、处于关闭状态或停用中)

 on的常见用法主要有：

a. 作方位介词，表示“在…..上”。

  Your book is on the table.

b. 作时间介词，表示“在（某一天）。

  My birthday is on 6 May/ Monday.

c. 与交通工具和出行方式连用。

  He got on the train.

  I came here on foot.

d. 表示持续。

  You can’t stop here- drive on

e. “通过； 使用”

  I bought it on the internet

  I was on the phone to Jania right now.

f. “ 关于”

  I’m reading a book on cars.

g. “穿上； 戴上”

  Put your coat on

h. “发生”

  What’s on at the cinema ?

8. voice  n 嗓音；说话声

  Can you recognize the voice ? Who’s that at the door?

9. reservoir  n 水库

  There are several reservoirs around Beijing.

10. add v 增加；添加; 加

  They add a little sugar to the mixture.

Add 2 and 3 . You get 5

11. chemical  n 化学品 adj 化学的

 Shampoo is not allowed to be used at the beach because the chemicals will pollute the sea.

 The students are doing a chemical experiment.

chemistry  n 化学  chemist n 化学家； 药剂师

12. through prep 通过；穿过

 We can drive through the tunnel in five minutes.

 They walked through the shop to the main road.

13. pipe  n 管道

 Water comes through the pipes under the road to our homes.

14. valuable   adj 宝贵的；很有用的  value  n 价值

 Clean water is quite valuable in every part of the world.

15. cover “覆盖”

 Can you cover the food and put it in the fridge?

 uncover  “揭开…..的盖子；移去…..的覆盖物”

16. fall from “从…..掉落”

 When autumn comes, leaves start to fall from trees.

17. turn off “关掉；关闭”

 Do you mind turning off the light in the living room?

 Close the door, please.

18. It’s time (for somebody) to do something.

 “是该（某人）做…..的时候了；（某人）该做……了”

 It’s time for Eddie to do his homework.

 It’s time to go to bed.

19. add… to … “在…中加入……”

 Add some sugar to the flour.                                                            

20. the end of … “…..的结尾；….的终点”.

 Don’t tell me the end of the story . I want to read it myself.

21. remember not to do something “记得不要做某事”

 You must remember not to pollute the environment.

remember 一词主要有两种用法
 remember to do something 记住要做某事

Remember to post the letter for me.

remember doing sth 记得做过某事

I remember seeing him once.

— Remember to post the letter for me.

—    I remember inviting him this morning, and he accepted it.

—    记住邀请汤姆参加你的生日聚会。

—    我记得今天上午邀请过他了，他也答应了。

22. a bit  adv “一点”,用以修饰形容词或副词。

 I was a bit angry with him.

I’m afraid I’ll be a little bit late tonight.

Could you be a bit quieter, please?

23. twice as … as “是…的两倍”.

She is twice as old as me. 她的年龄是我的两倍。

Mary has three times as many books as me.

玛丽的藏书量是我的三倍。

24. instead of “代替： 而不是……”

His success came from his skill instead of his luck.

Why don’t you play football instead of just looking on ?

25. up to “至多；最多； 多达”

The hall can hold up to 1500 people.

 

重点短语

turn off 关掉

turn on 打开

add…to…  将…加入…

a bit 一点

pocket money 零花钱

be made up of 有某物组成

 

重点句型

It’s time for sb. to do sth.   某人该做某事了

remember not to do sth.    记得不要做某事

How much … is there…?     还有多少….（不可数）？

How many …. are there…?     还有多少….（可数）？

 三、知识详解

 

1．Water covers about two thirds of the Earth.(P58)

几分之几的表达法：

先分子，再分母，

分子用基数，分母用序数，

当分子为大于1的整数时，分母要变复数。

quarter  1/4

half  1/2

two thirds  2/3

three fifths 3/5

 

请用英文写出下列分数

1/3                         1/4                     1/10

4/7                         3/10                    7/20

 

 

2．Then it was time for people to clean me.（P59）然后到了人们清洁我的时候了

It is/was time (for sb) to do…..该做某事了。

It’s time for sb. to do sth.

It’s high time for sb. to do sth.

It is time to go to rest.  该休息了。

It is time to load this truck.  该装车了。

It is time for us to have our meals. 我们该去吃饭去了。

Yes , it is time for us to go . 是的，我们该走了。

It is time for us to leave . 我们现在该走了。

It is time for us to start. 现在该是我们动身的时候了。

It's seven o'clock now. Mike， it is time （ for you ） to go to school.7 点了。迈克，你该去上学了。

此句式的变异形式为： It is （ high ） time that sb did sth. 该句式表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句中谓语动词常为过去式，说明现在应该做的事情。例如：

It's six o'clock. It is high time that we went home now.

 

三个句型都可表示“是做某事的时候了”，但用法有所不同。

①It’s time to do sth.意为“是做某事的时候了”，但没有讲清楚是谁去做。

 It’s time to go to school. 是上学的时候了。

②It’s time for sb. to do sth.意为“是某人做某事的时候了”，for后面通常接一个表示人的词语，其后的不定式所表示的动作就是这个表示人的词语sb.发出的。例：

 It’s time for you to go to school. 是你上学的时候了。

It’s time for us to watch TV. 到了我们看电视的时候了。

③It’s time for sth.也表示“是做某事的时候了”，但这个句型中介词for的后面只能是表示物的名词，说明所要做的事情。例：

 It’s time for class. 是上课的时候了。

It’s time for school. 该上学了。

注意：It’s time to do sth. 和It’s time for sth. 在一定条件下可相互转换。例：

 It’s time for supper.

 = It’s time to have supper. 该吃晚饭了。

It’s time for home.

 = It’s time to go home. 该回家了。

 

3. They cleaned me and added some chemicals to me. 并且给我添加一些化学物质

add A to/into B

把A加入B

Mr. Li added some salt into the soup.李先生向水中加了一些化学物质。

Just add that application to the pile.  就把那份申请加到那一摞里。

Autumn colours add warmth to a room.秋天的色彩给房间增添了温暖。

She added coal to the fire. 她往炉火添煤。

 

 

4. Then I travelled through the pipes under the streets and now I’m here.”然后我通过街道下面的管子旅行，现在我在这里。

 

（复习）through across over辨析

through  穿越某一空间

e.g He went through the corridor.

 

across 穿过某一平面

e.g He walked across the street.

 

over 越过某一障碍物

e.g He ran over the buses, and went into Bainaohui.

 

5．People will make me clean again. 人们将再次使我干净。

make sth. + adj. (clean / dry) 使某物变……

e.g

Mr. Li made the security guard very angry.

 

 

6．Remember not to waste or pollute me.

记得不要浪费或污染我。

remember not to do sth. 记住不要做某事

remember to do sth. 记得做某事

e.g Remember not to buy fake Kingston flash drives, Mr. Li.

Remember to go to Gangding to buy the flash drive.

 

7. Dora turned the tap off and came out of the bathroom. 朵拉关掉水龙头，出了浴室。

 

 

 turn off 关(水源、 煤气、 电灯等) / 避开(问题等)
 Turn off the light when you leave the room.
Turn the TV off, please.  请把电视关掉吧。

He forgot to turn the tap off.  他忘了关水龙头。

I forgot to turn the tap off.  我忘了关上水龙头。

Turn off the mains electricity supply.  关掉干线电源。

Turn the water off at the mains.  把自来水总管关掉。

Turn off the motorway at junction 6.  在6号交叉口下高速公路。

Shall I turn the microwave oven off?  我把微波炉关掉好吗？

Turn that cat off my chair!  把那只猫从我的椅子上赶走！

Make sure to turn off the light before you leave.  临走前一定要熄灯。

Please turn off the light immediately and go to bed.  请立即关灯上床睡觉。

turn against  背叛 
  Nobody will turn against his country.
 turn down  关小 / 拒绝 
  He turned down my suggestion without hesitation.
  Please turn down the gas.
 turn from side to side 把身体转来转去 
  The naughty boy turned from side to side while answering questions in class.
 turn in 上交
  The child picked up a purse on the way and turned it in to the policeman.
turn ... into ... (使……)成为……
   The farmers are turning waste land into rice fields. 
 turn on 打开(水、 煤气、 电灯、无线电等) / 对……发怒
  turn on the radio
  turn the gun on sb.
turn out 结果是 / 证明是 / 生产出
  The weather yesterday turned out (to be) fine.
  The factory turned out more products than they had expected.
 turn over (使)打翻 / 翻身 / 翻动 / 翻耕(土地) / 转危为安 
  The man turned over and went to sleep again when the telephone rang.
 turn up 开大 / 出现 / 找到 / 证明是 (= turn out to be) 
  The meeting is beginning， but he has not turned up. He might have been lost.

 

 

四，语法讲解

重点语法

用little / few, a little / a few, many / much等谈论数量

1.     little系列：little / a little用于不可数名词前

few系列：few / a few 用于可数名词前

e.g.

There is a little water in the bottle.

There are a few bottles in the box.

 

2.     带a系列：a little / a few 意为“一些“，虽然不多但仍然有一些

不带a系列：little, few意为“几乎没有”，表示否定，

There are few people in the room.

There is little water left in the bottle.

3.     quite a few 意为 “很多”

Mr. Li has quite a few Kingston flash drives.

4.    many, much  不解释，再次提醒many修饰可数名词， much修饰不可数名词

 五、感官动词后跟 非谓语 做宾语补足语

 

feel see watch hear notice observe listen to look at

例如：

     1. see sb.do/doing sth

I saw him walking upstairs then.
I saw him walk downstairs just now.
I saw the girl crying over there.
I saw the girl fall downstairs.
I saw them quarrelling over there.
I saw them quarrel over there just now.
     2. feel sb.do/doing sth

 I feel an ant crawling on my arm.

A child learns to crawl before he learns to

 

walk.小孩在学走路之前先学爬。

 

I feel an ant crawl over my arm.

 

 

     feel  felt  felt

 

     fall  fell  fallen

 

 

   3. watch sb.do / doing sth

 

 

 I watched an ant crawling on her arm.

 

 I watched her crying in the garden.

 

 I watched her lying in the garden.

 

 I watched her lie in the garden.

 

 

   lie lay lain lying

 

 Japan lies to the east of China.

 

 Shanghai lies in the east of China.

 

 Korea lies on the northeast of China.

 

 

southeast   southwest

northwest   northeast

 

 

 

The boy lay on the grass in the morning.

 

(对划线部分提问）

 

Who lay on the grass in the morning?

 

Where did the boy lie in the morning?

 

When did the boy lie on the grass?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   4. hear sb.do / doing sth

 

I heard Ren Ziyue play the piano in the sitting-room.
=Ren Ziyue was heard to play the piano in the sitting-room.
I heard Ren Ziyue playing the piano in the
sitting-room.
=
Ren Ziyue was heard playing the piano in
the sitting-room (by me).
 

 

 

 

课后练习

一 单项选择

1. Will you go for a walk after _________ dinner ?

    a. a             b. an            c. the              d. /

2. —Carl, why not go and help your sister water the flowers there ?

  —Why ________ ? I’m busy myself. Jack is lying on the grass doing something. 

    a. me          b. I               c. him          d. he 

3. My cousin is always busy with his work, He has ________ time to read newspaper a. little    b. few   c. a little    d. a few

4. There is ________ sugar in my coffee. It’s too sweet .

    a. too much      b. too many 

    c. too few          d. too little

5. Alice looked ______the room, but saw no one .

    a. around   b. for    c. at     d. up

6. Ben:What did Peter drop _________ the river ? Alice:Maybe a stone. 

    a.  in     b. into     c. on     d. onto

7. It’s time ________ all of us to get ready for the quiz.

    a. to        b. of         c. for      d. at

8. There ___________ twenty attendants at the contest tomorrow .

    a. are    b. have   c. will have   d. will be 

 

9. We should __________ the used water clean before it goes back into the sea .

    a.  keep    b. make    c. become   d. turn 

 

10. After I had a bath in the bathroom this morning, I _______ the tap on, This makes the bathroom full of water.

    a. left      b. forgot    c. turned    d. switched

 

11. We all should remember ____ water. 

    a. to not waste           b. wasting     

   c. not wasting             d. not to waste

 

12. If you ___ some salt to a glass of water, it _____and become part of the water.

    a. add...... disappear 

   b. add......will disappear          

   c. will add.......disappear 

  d. will add....... will disappear

 

13. When I was in Italy last year, I ________ a lot of famous cities .

   a. visit   b. visited   c. visits   d. am visiting

14. A reservoir is ______________ .

 a.  a place where people make clean water b. a place where people keep river water

    to be used later  

 c. a place where people produce tap water for family use 

d. a place where people make water dirty 

 

15. ___________ is called the “Floating City” in the world .

  a. New York   b. Paris  

  c. Kun Ming   d. Venice 

二.  用所给单词的适当形式填空 

1 Can these children look after ____ when their parents are not at home. ( them ) 

2 Water is a _______ resource, so we cannot waste it. ( value ) 

3 Trees can produce a _______ to make their leaves taste nasty when insects want to eat them. ( chemistry ) 

4 We should never ________ water because it is not easy for it to come to our flats. ( pollution ) 

5.  About 3％ of the water on Earth is

without _________( salty )

三 翻译

1 这列火车穿过了隧道，终于到达了伦敦.（through）

_______________________________２ 拿张纸把这个瓶子盖起来. （cover ）

_______________________________

3 离开教室的时候，记得把所有的灯都关掉. （ turn off ）

 ______________________________４你们必须记住不要污染这里的土地，水和空气.（remember )

_______________________________5 我们在街道的尽头见面好吗？ （the end of )

_______________________________6 接着，在汤里加一点盐，然后尝一尝. ( add......to )

_______________________________7  汤姆，到你上学的时间了（ it’s time for sb to do Esth )

_______________________________8 冬天，越来越多的叶子从树上掉落下来.( fall from )

_______________________________

9 我到家的时候，客厅里的电视开着.( on )

_______________________________

10 水很珍贵，我们必须节约用水.（ valuable ) 

_______________________________  专项练习

用few, a few,  fewer,fewest; little, a little,less, least填空

 

(  ) 1. This is a very old song, so ___ young people know it.

     a. few   b. little  c. a few  d. a little

 

(  ) 2 . There aren’t many oranges here, but you can take _____ if you want to.

a. few  b. a few  c. a little    d. little

 

(  ) 3. Shanghai Waihuan Tunnel is already open to traffic, so it will take us __      time to go to Pudong International Airport.

      a. a few    b. fewer    c. a little  d. less

 

(  ) 4.In order to keep healthy, you should eat _______ fast food, _______ fresh vegetables and take enough exercise

    a. fewer/ fewer    b. less/ more 

    c. fewer/ more     d. less/ less

 

(  ) 5.Can we do our work better with _________ money and ______ people?

    a. less/ few         b. less/ fewer 

    c. little/ less       d. few/ less

 

(  ) 6.There is _____ ink in my pen. Would you give me______?

  a. little/ a little    b. a little/ little

  c. few/ a few        d. a few/ few

 

(  ) 7.Mary has made ________ progress this term than last term.

  a. few    b. much   c. fewer    d. less

 

(  ) 8.Mr Smith is quite busy today. He has _________ meetings to attend.

    a. little     b. a little    c. few     d. a few

 

(  ) 9.No one knows why he has _______ words than before.

   a. little    b. less    c. fewer    d. much

 

(  ) 10.Although we have raised (募集)1000 yuan, we still find it is ______ than we need to buy a computer for little Jimmy.

   a. too less       b. far less 

   c. very less     d. too little

 

(  ) 11.This book is ____ expensive than that one.

   a. less   b. a lot   c. even  d. much

 

(  ) 12. I’m sorry. The room is ____ small to hold so many people. Would you please wait outside?

   a. so     b. such     c. very    d. too

 

(  ) 13. Danny is ____ that he wants to go to the fitness camp this summer holiday.

     a. such fat             b. so a fat boy

     c. such a fat boy  d. so fat boy

 

(  ) 14.Supermarkets are necessary. People usually spend_____ time finding things they want, but they usually spend _____ money than they want.

      a. less/ less       b. less/ more

      c. fewer/ less   d. fewer/ more

 

(  ) 15. How can you make a trip with so _____ money?

   a. few  b. a few  c. little  . a little

 

(  ) 16. There is _____ milk in the fridge, so we ‘ll go to the supermarket and buy some.

  a. little b. a little   c. few    d. a few

 

(  ) 17.The house has ____ many rooms that it was hard to find a way out.

  a. such   b. so   c. very   d. too

 

(  ) 18.If you don’t work _____, you’ll fail in the exam.

   a. enough hard   b. hardly enough

   c. hard enough   d. enough hardly

 

(  ) 19.I’m _____ make a phone call to my friends. I have a lot of work to do.

   a. too busy to   b. so busy that 

   c. so busy to     d. too busy that

 

(  ) 20. There are only _____ students in the classroom. Where are the others.

   a. a few  b. few   c. a little  d. little

 

(  ) 21. These days ___ young people like listening to the music with their mp4

  A. a few              b. a little

  c. quite a few   d. quite a little

 

(  ) 22.Now people can learn _____ information from the Internet

  a. a few  b. a lot   c. much  d. many

 

(  ) 23. Paul has made a lot of kites, but ____ can fly in the sky.

   a. little  b. a little   c. few   d. a few

 

(  ) 24.It was _____ that all the members of the club went out for an outing.

   a. such fine a day  b. a very fine day

   c. a fine day            d. so fine a day.

 

(  ) 25. Could you show me how to do the word processing? Sorry, I know _____ about it.

   a. a few  b. a little  c. few   d. little