语法填空考点核心突破（三）

——状语从句定语从句名词性从

链接：

正东方教育语法填空考点核心突破（一） ——冠词代词形容词和副词连词与介词时态与语态 

正东方教育语法填空考点核心突破（二）

          ——情态动词与虚拟语气非谓语独立主格状语从句定语从句名词性从句

九、核心考点　状语从句——使表达丰富多彩

十、核心考点　定语从句——使先行词更准确

十一、核心考点　名词性从句——使语境更丰富多彩

第九集　核心考点　

                状语从句
           ——使表达丰富多彩

 
 【考向聚焦】
状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步状语从句，共9种，是每年必考的语法项目，主要考查连词的判断选用，主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用。其中，以对时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁。近几年，重点考查的连词有：when，while，as，before，unless，however等。近三年，高考有考查状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句交叉运用的题型出现。
 对应学生用书P35
用适当的连接词填空，完成状语从句
1．(2013•北京，30)I took my driving license with me on holiday，________I wanted to hire a car.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：假期时我带上我的驾照，以防万一我想租一辆车。
答案　in case
2．(2013•湖南，23)You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason________you reach any decision.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：在你做任何决定之前，你得学会顾及到你的感觉和你做此决定的原因。
答案　before
3．(2013•江苏，28)In the global economy，a new drug for cancer，________it is discovered，will create many economic possibilities around the world.
解析　考查状语从句。此处考查－ever引导的让步状语从句。
答案　wherever
4．(2013•江西，28)She says that she'll have to close the shop ________ business improves.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：如果生意没有好转，她就只得关店铺。unless＝if...not(如果不)。
答案　unless
5．(2013•辽宁，24)One can always manage to do more things，no matter________full one's schedule is in life.
解析　考查状语从句。此处考查no matter...引导的让步状语从句。副词how修饰形容词或副词，横线后为形容词full。no matter how＝ however(无论如何)。
答案　how
6．(2013•山东，26)Mark needs to learn Chinese________his company is opening a branch in Beijing.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：Mark需要学习汉语是因为他的公司要在北京开分公司。连词since表“由于，因为”符合语境。
答案　since
7．(2013•山东，28)________I have to give a speech，I get extremely nervous before I start.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：每当我得做演讲的时候，开始之前我就会变得极度的紧张。
答案　Whenever
8．(2013•陕西，18)I have heard a lot of good things about you ________ I came back from abroad.
解析　考查状语从句。因为since从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。句意：自从我从国外回来，我已经听说了关于你的许多好的事情。
答案　since
9．(2013•四川，7)He is so busy.He cannot afford enough time with his son________he wants to.
解析　考查状语从句。根据句意：他如此繁忙。他不可能抽出足够的时间来陪他的儿子——即便是他想那样做。
答案　even if
10．(2013•重庆，25)________ we have enough evidence，we can't win the case.
解析　考查状语从句。句意：除非我们有足够的证据，否则这个案子我们不能取胜。
答案　Unless
自查自纠表
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 得分
考点           
正误           
思考           
我的盲点：           
我将________。           
 对应学生用书P35
 时间状语从句
【典例1】 He smiled politely ________ Mary apologized for her drunken friends.(2012•山东)
解析　考查时间状语从句。句意：当Mary为她醉酒的朋友而道歉的时候，他有礼貌地笑了笑。此处as引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”。
答案　as
【典例2】 He had no sooner finished his speech________ the students started cheering.(2011•辽宁)
解析　考查时间状语从句。此句含有一个固定句型，即no sooner...than...“一……就……”。句意：他的演讲刚结束同学们就欢呼起来。
答案　than
【典例3】 I'm sorry you've been waiting so long，but it'll still be some time ________ Brian gets back.(2008•北京)
解析　考查状语从句。本题使用了“it be＋一段时间＋before引导的从句”句型，表示“在……之前还需要一段时间，一段时间之后发生某事”。后面句子的含义：不过Brian还要过一会儿才能回来。
答案　before
 
1．(2011•四川)As is reported，it is 100 years ________ Qinghua University was founded.
解析　根据主从句中用的时态、主句中的“100 years”以及从句中的“was founded”可知，这显然用的是“It be＋一段时间＋since...”这一句型。since与短暂性动词连用，表示“自……以来已有多长时间”；since与延续性动词连用，表示“自从不做某事有多长时间了”。本句中的“founded”是一个短暂性动词，从动作发生时算起。句意：正如所报道的，自清华大学建立以来已有100年的时间了。
答案　since
2．(2010•新课标全国)Mary made coffee ________ her guests were finishing their meal.
解析　考查状语从句中连词的选择。句意：趁客人们正在吃饭，玛丽煮好了咖啡。while表示“在……期间”，符合语意。
答案　while
3．(2010•福建)The girl had hardly rung the bell ________ the door was opened suddenly，and her friend rushed out to greet her.
解析　这个女孩刚一(几乎还没有)按门铃，门突然就被打开了，她的朋友冲出来迎接她。hardly...before“几乎还没有……就……”，“刚一……就……”，暗含“快”的意思。
答案　before
 
1．before的译法
before的基本意义是“在……之前”，但在不同的语境中可灵活翻译为“(没过多久)就……”，“(过多久)才……”，“还没来得及……就……”，“趁……(还没有)时”。例如：
It won't be long before the problem is solved.
用不了多久这个问题就能解决。
It was two years before we met again.
我们两年后才再次见面。
She shut the door before I could say a word.
我还没来得及说句话，她就把门关上了。
We have to act quickly before things become worse.
我们必须趁事态还没恶化时尽快采取行动。
2．可引导时间状语从句的名词词组及副词
名词词组the moment，the instant，the minute，the first time，each time，every time等以及副词immediately，instantly等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。例如：
I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很不好。
The fans cheered loudly the moment their favourite singer appeared on stage.
喜欢的歌手一上台，歌迷们就大声欢呼。
I'll inform you immediately there's any change.
如果情况有变，我会马上通知你。
 让步状语从句
【典例4】 ________ hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.(2012•湖南)
解析　考查状语从句。空格后面的hard是副词，所以选However，However在此引导让步状语从句。句意：不论你怎么努力，你如果不减少进食的量就很难减肥。
答案　However
【典例5】 ________ volleyball is her main focus，she's also great at basketball.(2011•北京)
解析　考查让步状语从句。根据主句内容可知，她也擅长打篮球，由此可知排球是她的强项，故用while“尽管”引导让步状语从句。
答案　While
 
4．________ he comes or not，the result will be the same.
解析　whether...or...引导让步状语从句。句意：不论他来还是不来，结果都一样。
答案　Whether
5．________ the jewels were locked in a strong box，the thieves stole them without any difficulty.
解析　句意：尽管珠宝被锁在一个结实的箱子里，小偷还是毫不费力地偷走了它们。故此处用Although引导让步状语从句。
答案　Although
6．Try as she might，Carolina couldn't get the door ________(open)．
解析　此处as引导让步状语从句，把谓语的一部分即动词try提到句首。
答案　open
 
as引导的让步状语从句
as引导让步状语从句时，要把作表语的形容词、名词，作状语的副词或谓语的一部分提到句首，如果是单数名词作表语，把它提到句首时，其前不用冠词。具体分为以下几类：
(1)“名词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句，单数名词前不加冠词。如：
Scientist as he is，he is still as modest as before.(不能用although，scientist前不用冠词)
(2)“动词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句。如：
Struggle as he might，he was not able to get out.(不能用although)
(3)“形容词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句。如：
Crazy as his ideas may sound，some people think there is something in them.(不能用although)
(4)“副词＋as＋主语＋谓语”构成让步状语从句。如：
Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.(不能用although)
 条件状语从句
【典例6】 I have a tight budget for the trip，so I'm not going to fly ________ the airlines lower ticket prices.(2012•上海，32)
解析　句意：我旅行的预算很吃紧，所以不打算坐飞机，除非航空公司降低票价。考查状语从句。unless相当于if...not，符合前后句的逻辑。
答案　unless
【典例7】 One's life has value ________ one brings value to the life of others.(2012•江苏，30)
解析　句意：只要一个人给其他人的生活带来了价值，他的生命就有价值。本题考查条件状语从句。as long as只要。
答案　as long as
 
7．(2012•福建，30)It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties ________ it gets more financial support from the European Union.
解析　句意：希腊政府很难克服目前的困难，除非从欧盟获取更多的经济支持。本题考查条件状语从句。
答案　unless
8．—Have you got any idea for the summer vacation?
—I don't mind where we go ________ there's sun，sea and beach.
解析　句意：——你们暑假有什么打算？——我们去什么地方都行，只要有阳光、大海和沙滩就可以了。as long as只要，引导条件状语从句。
答案　as long as
 
1．条件状语从句的引导词
引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if“如果”，unless“如果不，除非”，so/as long as“只要”，on condition that“只要，条件是”，providing/provided(that)“假如”，in case(that)“如果”。
注意：条件状语从句中的if不能用whether替换。
2．if only与only if之间的区别
(1)if only意为“但愿，要是……就好了”，其后常用虚拟语气。
If only he had followed the doctor's advice，he would not suffer so much now.
(2)only if意为“只要，只有”引导真实条件句。置于句首时，其后的主句要用部分倒装语序。
Only if you finish your work before nine can you go out to play.
 地点状语从句及其它
【典例8】 A number of high buildings have arisen ________ there was nothing a year ago but ruins.(2012•山东)
解析　句意：很多高楼在一年前还是废墟的地方拔地而起。where引导地点状语从句。
答案　where
【典例9】 Leave your key with your neighbor ________ you lock yourself out one day.(2012•辽宁)
解析　句意：留一把钥匙给你的邻居，以防哪天你把自己锁在门外。根据句意可知，此处用in case引导目的状语从句，in case表示“以防，免得”。
答案　in case
【典例10】 —Did you return Fred's call?
—I didn't need to ________ I'll see him tomorrow.
解析　句意：——你给Fred回电话了吗？——我没必要回，因为明天我就会见到他。because因为。
答案　because
【典例11】 Jack wasn't saying anything，but the teacher smiled at him ________ he had done something very clever.(2011•湖南)
解析　句意：Jack什么也没说，但老师向他笑了笑，好像他做了件聪明的事情一样。as if意为“似乎，好像”，引导方式状语从句。
答案　as if
【典例12】 I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day，________ do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.
解析　从语境看，这里用as引导方式状语从句，表示“正如，就像”，从句的主语较长，为了保持句子结构的平衡而使用了倒装语序，正确的语序是：as many businessmen...do。
答案　as
 
9．(2011•山东)He had his camera ready ________ he saw something that would make a good picture.
解析　句意：他准备好了相机，万一看见能拍一张好照片的东西(就可以拍下来了)。结合语意可知应选in case，意为“以防，万一”。
答案　in case
10．(2010•重庆)Today，we will begin ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
解析　where在此引导地点状语从句。
答案　where
11．________ unemployment and crime are high，it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.
解析　where引导地点状语从句，表示在失业率与犯罪率高的地方，犯罪都是由失业引起的。
答案　Where
12．You'd better not leave the medicine ________ kids can get at it.
解析　句意：你最好不要把药放到孩子们能够到的地方。这里where引导的是地点状语从句。
答案　where
 
1．原因状语从句通常由because，since，as，now that，seeing(that)，considering that等引导。
—Mum，could I go out to play now?
—Let me see...Yes，since you have finished all your school assignments.
——妈妈，现在我可以出去玩吗？
——让我想想，是的，既然你已经把所有的学习任务完成。
Now that you have grown up，you must do it by yourself.既然你已经长大了，就必须自己做这件事。
Considering that I have told you three times，you must know it.鉴于我已经告诉你三次，你一定知道它。
2．so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别：引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语部分常有情态动词can，may，could等；引导结果状语从句时，从句的谓语部分一般没有情态动词。例如：
We got up early so that we could catch the train.
我们起得早，以便能赶上火车。(表目的)
We got up early so that we caught the train.
我们起得早，结果赶上了火车。(表结果)
 对应学生用书P37
用适当的连词完成状语从句
1．In peace，too，the Red Cross is expected to send help ________ there is human suffering.
解析　wherever引导修饰谓语send的地点状语从句。
答案　wherever
2．If you are traveling ________ the customs are really foreign to your own，please do as the Romans do.
解析　where引导修饰谓语are traveling的地点状语从句。
答案　where
3．A man cannot smile like a child，________ a child smiles with his eyes，while a man smiles with his lips alone.
解析　空格处之后的句子补充说明“a man cannot smile like a child”的原因，应选用for表原因。
答案　for
4．Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice，________ they knew it to be valuable.
解析　“Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice”和“they knew it to be valuable”意思相反，引导让步状语从句的even though最为适合。
答案　even though
5．—Where's that report?
—I brought it to you ________ you were in Mr.Black's office yesterday.
解析　该空表示“当……的时候”，因此应填when引导时间状语从句。
答案　when
6．The village has developed a lot ________ we learned farming two years ago.
解析　由语境逻辑可以推出这个村子在我们两年前学习农业技术的地方它发展得很快，因此该空应填where引导地点状语从句。
答案　where
7．________ he has limited technical knowledge，the old worker has a lot of experience.
解析　空格处应引导让步状语从句，填入although最为合适。
答案　Although
8．________ I really don't like art，I find his work impressive.
解析　该空表示“尽管”，因此应填while引导让步状语从句。
答案　While
9．________ hard one may work，one cannot master a foreign language in a month or two.
解析　however在此修饰hard，表示“无论怎么”，引导让步状语从句。
答案　However
10．People who are really in need of houses will suffer heavy losses ________ the government takes measures to bring down house prices.
解析　此句是条件状语从句。
答案　unless
11．You will be successful in the interview ________ you have confidence.
解析　自信是成功采访的条件，因此该空应填once引导条件状语从句。
答案　once
12．Owen wouldn't eat anything ________ he cooked it himself.
解析　句意：欧文不吃任何东西，除非这种东西是他自己亲自烹饪的。unless“除非”，符合语境。
答案　unless
13．The medicine works more effectively ________ you drink some hot water after taking it.
解析　句意：如果你在吃药后喝一些开水的话，这种药的效果更明显。if引导条件状语从句。
答案　if
14．________ the police thought he was the most likely one，since they had no exact proof about it，they could not arrest him.
解析　根据句意，引导让步状语从句。
答案　Although
15．John shut everybody out of the kitchen ________ he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
解析　so that引导目的状语从句。
答案　so that
16．I would appreciate it ________ you call back this afternoon for the doctor's appointment.
解析　if引导条件状语从句。
答案　if

第十集　核心考点

　           定语从句
            ——使先行词更准确
 
 ,【考向聚焦】
定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：
①关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句；
②关系副词where引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；
③“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；
④as引导的非限制性定语从句。
 对应学生用书P38
用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1．(2013•北京，27)Many countries are now setting up national parks________animals and plants can be protected.
解析　考查定语从句。定语从句中不缺少主干成分，故使用关系副词，先行词指地点，故用where。
答案　where
2．(2013•福建，27)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.
解析　考查定语从句。其中those作为先行词，定语从句中缺少lives的定语，故用whose。
答案　whose
3．(2013•湖南，21)Happiness and success often come to those________are good at recognizing their own strengths.
解析　考查定语从句。先行词为those，指人，定语从句中缺少主语，故使用关系代词who。
答案　who
4．(2013•江苏，22)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
解析　考查定语从句。先行词为passion，定语从句中缺少宾语，故用关系代词which。
答案　which
5．(2013•陕西，16)________ is often the case with children，Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.
解析　考查定语从句。此处as引导的定语从句位于主句之前，指代整个主句内容。句意：正如孩子们常有的情况一样，医生到的时候Amy就好了。
答案　As
6．(2013•四川，9)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment________they live.
解析　考查定语从句。此处先判断从句类型为定语从句，先行词为the environment，定语从句中live为不及物动词，因此不缺少主干成分，应填关系副词；且先行词environment指地点，故用where，相当于in which。
答案　where
7．(2013•天津，6)We have launched another man­made satellite，________is announced in today's newspaper.
解析　考查定语从句。此处关系代词which指代整个主句引导非限制性定语从句。句意：我们又发射了一颗人造卫星，这是在今天的报纸上宣布的。
答案　which
8．(2013•新课标Ⅱ，4)When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house________I would be staying.
解析　考查定语从句。定语从句中stay为不及物动词，故不缺主干成分，用关系副词；先行词为house，指地点，故用关系副词where。
答案　where
9．(2013•重庆，24)John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of ________ are family members.
解析　考查定语从句。先行词为40 people，定语从句中缺少主语，故使用whom。介词之后不能用that。
答案　whom
自查自纠表
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 得分
考点           
正误           
思考 我的盲点：
 我将________。
 对应学生用书P39
 关系代词which引导的定语从句
【典例1】 That evening，________ I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.(2012•全国Ⅱ，8)
解析　句意：稍后我会告诉你更多关于那晚的事，结果是那晚我工作到很晚。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为that evening，将先行词代入定语从句后为：I will tell you more about that evening later.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作about的宾语，且表示“物”，故用which引导。
答案　which
【典例2】 It is the third time that she has won the race，________ has surprised us all.(2012•陕西，14)
解析　句意：这是她第三次赢得比赛，这令我们所有人都感到惊讶。本题考查非限制性定语从句。逗号前面的整个句子为先行词，关系词在定语从句中充当主语。
答案　which
【典例3】 The house ________ I grew up has been taken down and replaced by an office building.(2009•江西，26)
解析　句意：那所我在里面长大的房子已经被拆掉，取而代之的是一座办公大楼。此题考查定语从句。从句中的谓语动词为不及物动词短语，省去的关系代词that/which在定语从句中作介词in的宾语，in the house在定语从句中作地点状语。
答案　in which
 
1．As a child，Jack studied in a village school，________ is named after his grandfather.(2010•新课标全国Ⅰ，24)
解析　句意：小时候，杰克在一所乡村学校读书，那所学校是以他祖父的名字命名的。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词是a village school，代入定语从句后为：The village school is named after his grandfather.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作主语，且该从句为非限制性定语从句，故用which引导。
答案　which
2．After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，________ turned out to be a wise decision.(2010•四川，10)
解析　句意：大学毕业之后，我花费了一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。本题考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知第二个逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句；先行词是空格前的内容，所以应用which。
答案　which
3．They've won their last three matches，________ I find a bit surprising actually.
解析　句意：他们已经赢得了最后三场比赛，我发现这确实有点令人惊讶。考查非限制性定语从句。先行词是前面整个句子，which引导非限制性定语从句，并在定语从句中作find的宾语。
答案　which
 
口诀一则
that，which代表物，区别且听我来述；
先行若是不定代，that就把which踹；
先行词前有两数，就用that定无误；
先行词前最高级，还用that必无疑；
句中若有there be，that应把which替；
先行主中作表语，避免重复从句里。
 whose引导的定语从句
【典例4】 I wish to thank Professor Smith，without ________ help I would never have got this far.(2012•天津)
解析　考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢Smith教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。
答案　whose
【典例5】 The old temple ________ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.(2010•陕西)
解析　考查定语从句。先行词The old temple和定语从句中的主语roof是所属关系，所以要用关系代词作定语。关系代词作定语时可用“whose＋n.”，“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”三种结构，此题中采用的是第一种结构。若用另外两种结构，应该是the roof of which或of which the roof。
答案　whose
 
4．(2011•新课标全国)The prize will go to the writer ________ story shows the most imagination.
解析　考查定语从句。先行词the writer与定语从句的主语story之间为所属关系，因此用关系代词whose引导定语从句。
答案　whose
5．(2010•山东)That's the new machine ________ parts are too small to be seen.
解析　考查定语从句的关系词。代替指物的先行词the new machine，且在从句中作定语，所以用whose。句意：那是台新机器，它的零件小得都看不到。
答案　whose
 
1．whose引导的定语从句
whose在定语从句中作定语，后面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的……”。whose既可以指人也可以指物。
(1)表示物时相当于“the＋名词＋of＋which”或“of＋which＋the＋名词”。
(2)表示人时相当于“the＋名词＋of＋whom”或“of＋whom＋the＋名词”。
2．whose引导的定语从句与并列句的区别
whose引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词its，their的并列句混淆。如：
China has the 3rd longest river in the world，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句)
China has the 3rd longest river in the world，and its name is the Yangze River.(并列句)
 where引导的定语从句
【典例6】 Sales director is a position ________ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.(2012•重庆)
解析　where引导定语从句并在从句中作状语，相当于in which，即in the position。
答案　where
【典例7】 Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，________ it will keep for two or three weeks.(2011•安徽)
解析　考查定语从句。句意：无论剩下什么东西，都可以放入冰箱中，在那儿可以保存两三个星期。“where it will keep for two or three weeks”是定语从句，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。
答案　where
 
6．(2013•福建，24)It's helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
解析　where相当于in which(in the situation)。句意：把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们是有益的。
答案　where
7．(2013•北京，26)—What do you think of teaching，Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging.It is a job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting.
解析　考查关系代词的选用。where引导定语从句修饰job，where相当于in which(in the job)。句意：——我认为它有趣并且充满挑战。它是一项严肃而有趣的工作。
答案　where
 
不是地点胜似“地点”——“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词where
高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点”。事实上，对于where这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的situation/case，到了何种地步(point)，或某事物所发展的阶段stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用where。
They have reached the__point__where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complains have resulted in changes in the law.(where＝in the cases)消费者的抱怨导致法律的改变的案例将在本章稍后向读者介绍。
这些不是地点胜似“地点”的名词的归属问题即当不当“地点”看是解答这类定语从句的关键。
 as引导的定语从句
【典例8】 The air quality in the city，________ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.(2012•福建，23)
解析　句意：正如报告中所表明的，城市空气质量在过去两个月里已经得到改善。考查由as引导的非限制性定语从句。分析题干可知，is shown in the report是非限制性定语从句。
答案　as
【典例9】 A lot of language learning，________ has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.(2012•安徽，29)
解析　句意：正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。考查非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选用。根据句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词为一个句子(即A lot of language learning is happening...)，先行词在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句为被动语态时，常用as作主语来引导定语从句；如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。as意为：正如。
答案　as
 
8．The number of the audience，________ we had expected，was well over one thousand.
解析　句意：正如我们所预料的，观众的数量远远超过了1 000人。考查非限制性定语从句。as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别在于：as有“正如”、“好像”的意思，在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句中、句首或句末；which只能放在主句之后，且没有“正如”、“好像”的意思。
答案　as
9．The man showed us such a heavy stone ________ no one could lift it.
解析　句意：那人给我们展示了一块没人能搬起来的大石头。as引导的定语从句中，as要么作主语，要么作宾语，而该句中lift后有宾语it，所以不能选用as，该题属于such...that状语从句，that只作连词，不作成分。
答案　that
 
as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式
(1)such＋名词＋as...像……一样的，像……之类的the same＋名词＋as...和……同样的
其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as作宾语)
He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)
注意：such...as...引导的定语从句与such...that...引导的状语从句的区别：
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.（定语从句）他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.（状语从句）他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。
第一个句子中as引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子中that引导的是状语从句，从句中不缺任何成分。
(2)．..such as...
such为代词，意为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作成分，修饰先行词such。如：
This book is not such as I expect.
这不是我想要的书。(as作宾语)
 介词＋关系代词
【典例10】 Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered.(2012•湖南)
解析　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知“________ even the small details of life should be considered”是定语从句，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用in which。
答案　in which
【典例11】 Julie was good at German，French and Russian，all of ________ she spoke fluently.
(2011•湖南)
解析　考查定语从句。先行词为物，且关系代词用在介词后面，故应用which。句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。
答案　which
【典例12】 She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction ________ had taken more than three years.(2011•江西)
解析　句意：她带着游客参观了这个博物馆——花了三年多才建成的建筑。the construction of(……的建筑)，which指代the museum。
答案　of which
 
10．(2010•上海)Wind power is an ancient source of energy ________ we may return in the near future.
解析　考查“介词＋which”引导的定语从句。表示“重新回到……上”要用return to。which替代的是先行词“an ancient source of energy”。句意：风能是一种古老的能源，在不久的将来我们可能要重新利用这种能源。
答案　to which
11．(2009•陕西)Gun control is a subject ________ Americans have argued for a long time.
解析　先行词为subject，将先行词还原到定语从句中：Americans have argued about the subject for a long time。由此可以看出被还原部分为about the subject，这样可以确定所选的介词为about。
答案　about which
12．Portia，for ________ physics had once been very hard，turned out to be a physicist.
解析　for whom(对她来说)引导一个非限定性定语从句，补充说明主语Portia。在介词后面只能用which或whom。
答案　whom
 
如何选择“介词＋关系代词”中的介词
在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可依据以下原则：
(1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。
I admire my English teacher very much from whom I learn a lot.(learn from sb为固定搭配)
(2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。
There are some people to whom you can turn.(turn to sb为固定搭配)
(3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。
He introduced me some reference books with which I am not very familiar.(be familiar with为固定搭配)
(4)表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”时用介词of。
She has seen many films，of which Kung Fu Panda is her favorite.
(5)有一些动词短语不能拆开，如pay attention to，look after，take care of等。
 分割性定语从句及其他
【典例13】 After the flooding，people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive.(2012•江苏，22)
解析　句意：洪灾过后，那个地区的人们正在受苦。为了生存，他们急需干净的水、药品和住所。将先行词people代入定语从句后为：people urgently needed clean water，medicine and shelter to survive，可知先行词在从句中作主语。
答案　who
【典例14】 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，________，for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society.(2012•浙江，17)
解析　句意：埃伦是一个专画鸟类和大自然的画家。因为某种原因，她远离了人类社会。此题考查非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Ellen。因为关系词指人并且在从句中作主语，所以只能用who。
答案　who
【典例15】 The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(2011•天津，10)
解析　句意：体力是谋 生的唯一所需的时代一去不复返了。先行词为the days，将其代入定语从句后为：During__the__days physical strength was all...由此可见关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。本题先行词与定语从句隔开，构成了“分割性定语从句”，增加了试题难度。
答案　when
 
13．(2010•北京，27)Children who are not active or ________ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
解析　句意：不是很活跃，或者饮食中脂肪含量太高的孩子会很快长胖。先行词为children，or连接两个并列的定语从句，第一个定语从句的引导词为who，第二个引导词为考查点，先行词children在第二个定语从句中与diet形成所属关系：children's diet。
答案　whose
14．(2009•江苏，23)Because of the financial crisis，days are gone ________ local 5－star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night.
解析　句意：由于经济危机，在当地五星级酒店住一个晚上就要6 000元的日子一去不复返了。先行词是days，代入定语从句后为：Local 5－star hotels charged 6 000 yuan for one night during__the__days．由此可知关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when。这道题的难点在于先行词days和其定语从句local 5－star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night被谓语部分隔开了。
答案　when
15．(2008•山东，26)Occasions are quite rare ________ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
解析　句意：我很少有机会和我的孩子们一整天都待在一起。先行词为occasions，代入定语从句后为：I have the time to spend a day with my kids on__the__occasions．由此可知关系词在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词。
答案　when
 
有时命题者为了加大试题难度，往往把定语从句融入到其他结构中考查考生的语言综合运用能力，其常用的命题手段就是定语从句与先行词被某些句子成分分隔开，使考生分不清楚句子结构，从而误选选项。
四种“分隔”现象
(1)定语从句对主句结构的分隔
The country life he was used to has changed greatly since 1992.
(2)同位语从句和先行词的分隔
Word came that our team had won.
(3)定语从句和先行词的分隔
He was the only person in his office who was invited to the party.
(4)连词和其所连接的分句的分隔
We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall，while，in fact，there were 40.
 对应学生用书P42
用适当的关系代词或关系副词或介词＋关系代词填空
1．The place ________ interested me most was the Children's  Palace.
解析　which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
答案　which
2．Do you know the year ________ the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
解析　when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
答案　when
3．That is the day ________ I'll never forget.
解析　which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。
答案　which
4．At the party，John made up a joke，________ people burst out laughing.
解析　“laugh at”固定搭配。
答案　at which
5．The pen ________ he is writing is mine.
解析　with which是“介词＋关系代词”结构，常用来引导定语从句。with有“用”的意思，介词之后只能用which，不能用that，with which在定语从句中作状语，即he is writing with a pen。
答案　with which
6．They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of ________ sat a small boy.
解析　in front of which即in front of a farmhouse。In front of which在从句中作状语。
答案　which
7．The engineer ________ my father works is about 50 years old.
解析　with whom引导定语从句，with whom放在从句中即为：my father works with the engineer。
答案　with whom
8．Is there anyone in your class ________ family is in the country?
解析　whose引导定语从句，在从句中作主语family的定语。
答案　whose
9．Alice received an invitation from her boss，________ came as a surprise.
解析　此为非限定性从句，不能用that修饰，而用which。
答案　which
10．Is this the factory ________ he worked ten years ago?
解析　先行词“the factory”在句中充当地点状语，即“he worked in the factory ten years ago”，所以关系词用where毋庸置疑。
答案　where
11．The weather turned out to be very good，________ was more than we could expect.
解析　which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句。
答案　which
12．—What do you think of teaching，Bob?
—I find it fun and challenging.It is a job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting.
解析　由于空格后面的分句不缺成分，且主句表语没有介词，不能作后一句的状语，而去掉“it is a job”后，这句意义还不完整，所以不会是强调句，确认此句是定语从句。先行词是“a job”，带入定语从句中还原后有“you are doing something serious but interesting in the job”，所以关系词应为where，相当于“in which”。
答案　where
13．It's helpful to put children in a situation ________ they can see themselves differently.
解析　这里的先行词是“a situation”，带入定语从句中还原后有“they can see themselves differently in the situation”，所以关系词应为where，相当于“in which”。
答案　where
14．Now there is just one point ________ I wish you to make quite clear.
解析　把从句补充完整：I wish you to make the point quite clear，可以看出引导词在从句中作make的宾语，故用关系代词which。
答案　which
15．Time is of no importance to great thoughts，________ are as fresh today as when they first passed through thinkers' minds ages ago.
解析　句意：对于伟大的思想来说，时间是无关紧要的，那些伟大的思想在今天依然和多年前它们第一次进入思想家脑海时一样鲜活。根据句意并分析句子成分可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，且从句缺少主语，所以用which。
答案　which

第十集　核心考点

           名词性从句
           ——使语境更丰富多彩
 
 ,【考向聚焦】
名词性从句是高考常考的语法项目，主要考查对连接词的正确把握。分析历年各地的高考试题不难发现，连接代词what的用法是考查的热点。另外，在同位语从句中，经常考查that的用法。除此之外，其他连接词的用法以及从句的语序也时有考查。
 对应学生用书P43
用适当的关连词填空
1．(2013•北京，31)________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.
解析　考查名词性从句。此题题干部分is为系动词，the creative imagination of the writer为表语，故is之前为主语从句。从句中缺少主语指事物，故填what。句意：使得这本书如此不同寻常的是作者富于创造的想象力。
答案　What
2．(2013•湖南，28)Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell______close you may be to victory.
解析　考查名词性从句。动词tell之后为宾语从句，再可以看出宾语从句部分为感叹句转换而来，描述形容词close用how。
答案　how
3．(2013•江西，30)________ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
解析　考查名词性从句。主句谓语为will have to pay，之前为主语从句。句意：无论你们其中哪个人弄坏窗子都得为之赔偿。whichever“无论哪一个”。
答案　Whichever
4．(2013•山东，30)It's good to know________the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.
解析　考查名词性从句。动词know之后为宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，故用that表陈述一件实事。
答案　that
5．(2013•陕西，20)It remains to be seen ________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.
解析　考查名词性从句。题干中it作形式主语，真正主语为横线后的主语从句。应用whether表“是否”。
答案　whether
6．(2013•天津，15)________I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.
解析　考查名词性从句。主句谓语为is，之前为主语从句，从句中缺少动词tell的直接宾语，指事物，故填what。
答案　What
7．(2013•新课标Ⅰ，26)Police have found________appears to be the lost ancient statue.
解析　考查名词性从句。动词found后所接为宾语从句，从句中缺少主语指事物，故填上代词what。
答案　what
8．(2013•浙江，16)The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ________ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
解析　考查名词性从句。此处belief后所接的从句对其内容进行解释说明，故为同位语从句，陈述一个事实。
答案　that
9．(2013•安徽，21)From space，the earth looks blue.This is ________about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.
解析　考查名词性从句。此处考查表语从句。根据句意：地球看起来是蓝色的。这是因为其表面71%是被水覆盖的。
答案　because
10．(2013•四川，6)________you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.
解析　考查名词性从句。此句谓语动词为describes，之前的部分即为主语从句。主语从句中缺少谓语said的宾语，故选用代词what作said的宾语引导主语从句。
答案　what
自查自纠表
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 得分
考点           
正误           
思考 我的盲点：
 我将________。
 对应学生用书P44
 连接词的选用（that与what）
【典例1】 It is by no means clear ________ the president can do to end the strike.(2012•新课标全国)
解析　考查主语从句的连词。根据从句可以看出这里do后缺少宾语，而且该句子没有先行词，It在句中作形式主语，可以判定这是主语从句，故用what。句意：总统能做什么来结束罢工根本不清楚。
答案　what
【典例2】 His writing is so confusing that it's difficult to make out ________ it is he is trying to express.(2011•安徽，33)
解析　句意：他的写作如此令人费解，很难弄清楚他到底想要说什么。what作express的宾语。
答案　what
【典例3】 Before the problem can be solved，it must be obvious ________ the problem itself is.(2011•湖南，31)
解析　句意：在解决问题之前必须弄清楚问题本身是什么。what引导主语从句，并在主语从句中充当表语。句中的it是形式主语。
答案　what
 
1．________ seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high students to enter universities does exist in other countries as well.
解析　在这个主语从句中，设空处作主语，故用what。
答案　What
2．Meals in Spain are quite different from ________ they have in China.
解析　主句中from后缺少宾语，从句中they have后也缺少宾语，所以用what＝the food that指“所吃的东西”。
答案　what
3．Believe it or not，I'm sure that is ________ people call the six sense.
解析　句中call后缺少成分，所以用what。
答案　what
 
that用于定语从句、宾语从句，what用于宾语从句、主语从句。做题时，首先通过分析句子结构来确定是什么类型的从句；其次看从句中缺哪种成分，缺主语或宾语就考虑用代词what，who，whatever，whoever等，否则就考虑用副词。若不缺少任何句子成分就用that。
 连接词的选用（if与whether）
【典例4】 It doesn't matter ________ you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
(2012•山东 )
解析　考查主语从句。句意：在这家商店，你是用现金还是用信用卡结账都没关系。结合句意可知应用whether。It是形式主语，whether引导的从句是真正的主语，whether表示“不管，是否”。
答案　whether
【典例5】 We've offered her the job，but I don't know ________ she'll accept it.(2011•山东)
解析　考查宾语从句。句意：我们已经给她提供了一份工作，但是不知道她是否接受。根据句意可知用whether，意为“是否”。
答案　whether
【典例6】 The limits of a person's intelligence，generally speaking，are fixed at birth，but ________ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.(2011•安徽)
解析　whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”。
答案　whether
 
4．(2011•重庆)It is still under discussion ________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.
解析　考查主语从句的引导词。句意：这个旧汽车站是否应该被一个现代化的旅馆取代还在讨论之中。本句中的It是形式主语，真正的主语是从句“whether the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”。whether在句中引导主语从句。
答案　whether
5．(2009•北京)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see ________ it got any better.
解析　考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：起初他讨厌那份新工作，但是决定给自己几个月的时间，看看它是否会变得好些。
答案　if
 
只用whether不用if的情况：
whether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a．引导主语从句并放在句首时，用whether；
b．引导表语从句时，用whether；
c．引导宾语从句并作介词宾语时，用whether；
d．从句后有“or not”时，用whether；
e．后接动词不定式时，用whether。
 同位语从句
【典例7】 I made a promise to myself ________ this year，my first year in high school，would be different.(2012•浙江)
解析　此处是that引导的同位语从句，用来解释说明a promise的具体内容，同时从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，所以用that引导。
答案　that
【典例8】 The notice came around two in the afternoon ________ the meeting would be postponed.(2012•江苏)
解析　分析句子成分可知，“________ the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，解释说明notice的具体内容，从句不缺少成分，所以用that引导。
答案　that
【典例9】 Modern science has given clear evidence ________ smoking can lead to many diseases.(2011•天津，13)
解析　句意：现代科学已经证明，吸烟会导致很多疾病。that在此引导一个同位语从句。
答案　that
 
6．________ was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise ________ he would give each of us a small gift.
解析　第一空it作形式主语，真正的主语是that Johnson...；第二空that引导的是同位语从句，用以解释promise的内容。
答案　It；that
7．(2011•辽宁，32)When the news came ________ the war broke out，he decided，to serve in the army.
解析　句意：当战争爆发的时候，他决定参军。that在此引导一个同位语从句，解释说明news的内容。
答案　that
8．Have you noticed the problem ________ he is now in low spirits？________ come?
解析　that引导同位语从句，用以说明problem的内容；后面的How come“怎么会那样”为固定搭配。
答案　that；How
 
连接代词that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别
连接代词that引导同位语从句时，应放在某些抽象名词如news，word(消息)，idea，fact，hope，desire，thought等之后，对前面的名词起补充说明的作用，连接代词that只起引导同位语从句的作用，在从句中不担当任何成分，因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的，不缺任何成分。
关系代词that引导定语从句时，关系代词that一方面起引导定语从句的作用，另一方面，that在定语从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。因此，that引导的定语从句是残缺的。如：
The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.(同位语从句，不缺任何成分)
我们的足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞。
The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true.(定语从句，缺少宾语)
我们在收音机里听到的那个消息不是真的。
 主语从句
【典例10】 It suddenly occurred to him ________ he had left his keys in the office.(2012•江西)
解析　句意：他突然想起他把钥匙落在办公室里了。It occurred to sb that...表示“某人想起……”。it在句中作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。
答案　that
【典例11】 ________ was most important to her，she told me，was her family.
解析　句子的主干为“________ was most important to her was her family”，很明显这里的主语是一个句子，所选的词既引导主语从句，又在从句中作主语，所以应选择what。she told me为插入语。
答案　What
 
9．(2012•天津)It doesn't matter ________ you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.
解析　句意：在十字路口无论你向左转还是向右转都没关系，两条路都通向公园。句中的It是形式主语，whether引导主语从句。whether...or...意为“是……还是……，不管……还是……”。
答案　whether
10．It was never clear ________ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.(2011•江苏)
解析　句意：那个男士为什么没有及时举报事故尚不清楚。分析句子成分可知，此处是一个主语从句，再结合句意可知应用why引导。
答案　why
11．________ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
解析　句意：无论谁想住旅馆，都要自己付钱。whoever wants to stay in a hotel是主语从句，whoever在从句中作主语。
答案　Whoever
 
1．引导词
(1)从属连词作引导词：that，whether，if。
(2)连接代词作引导词：what，who，which，whatever，whoever。
(3)连接副词作引导词：how，when，where，why
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
2．有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。常用句型
注意：在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)＋do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important，natural，strange，etc.)that(should)＋do...
It is suggested(requested，proposed，desired，etc.)that(should)＋do...
 宾语从句
【典例12】 As many as five courses are provided，and you are free to choose ________ suits you best.(2012•陕西)
解析　句意：提供了多达五门课程，你可以自由选择最适合你的一门。在一定范围内选择某一个用whichever，whichever引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语。
答案　whichever
【典例13】 The shocking news made me realize ________ terrible problems we would face.(2011•北京)
解析　句意：这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。此处what引导的宾语从句是一个感叹句。
答案　what
【典例14】 His writing is so confusing that it's difficult to make out ________ it is he is trying to express.(2011•安徽)
解析　句意：他的书写如此令人困惑，以至于难以辨认他在试图表达什么。分析句子结构可知，定语从句he is trying to express后缺少宾语，因此用what。
答案　what
 
12．(2012•辽宁)The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ________ he could find about Mark Twain.
解析　句意：这个新来的人几天前去了图书馆，搜寻他能找到的任何关于马克•吐温的资料。空处所填词引导宾语从句，并且在从句中作find的宾语，指物，根据句意可知选whatever。
答案　whatever
13．(2012•福建)We promise ________ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.
解析　句意：我们许诺，任何参加这个聚会的人都会有与那个电影明星合影的机会。本句中promise sb sth表示“答应某人某事”，whoever引导一个宾语从句，作promise的间接宾语，且whoever在宾语从句中作主语。
答案　whoever
14．(2012•四川)Scientists study ________ human brains work to make computers.
解析　how引导宾语从句，并在从句中作状语，表示方式。
答案　how
 
1．that通常不可省略的情况
(1)主语从句中，that从句置于句首时；
(2)当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二和以后几个从句的that不可省略；
(3)由it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。
2．wh－ever与no matter wh－的用法区别
wh－ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句；而no matter wh－只能引导让步状语从句。如：
Whatever I said，he wouldn't listen to me.
＝No matter what I said，he wouldn't listen to me.
无论我说什么，他都不会听我的。(让步状语从句)
He would believe whatever I said.
我说什么他都信。(宾语从句)
另外，在whoever，whatever，whenever，wherever中，ever起强调作用，意为“究竟、到底”。如：
Wherever have you been？你究竟去了哪里？
 表语从句
【典例15】 I'd like to start my own business—that's ________ I'd do if I had the money.(2011•江西)
解析　句意：我想自己做生意——那是我如果有钱就会做的事情。从句中的do是及物动词，缺少宾语，故用what。
答案　what
【典例16】 I'm afraid he's more of a talker than a doer，which is ________ he never finishes anything.(2011•山东)
解析　很显然，前文所说的(他是一个空谈家而不是一个实干家)是下文(他一事无成)的原因，由此可知应该选why。
答案　why
【典例17】 Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was ________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.(2010•北京)
解析　that引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，且that不充当句子的任何成分。
答案　that
 
15．(2010•江苏)—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That's ________ I don't agree.You should have a more active life.
解析　说话人在星期天喜欢整天把自己关在家中听音乐，答话人对这一点不赞同。答语中“where I don't agree”是表语从句，表示的是抽象概念。假如选择D项，agree后要加上介词。
答案　where
16．The last time we had great fun was ________ we were visiting the Water Park.
解析　句意：我们最后一次开心地玩是我们去水上乐园时。故这里用when来引导表语从句。
答案　when
17．Engines are to machines ________ hearts are to animals.
解析　此处是固定句型A is to B what C is to D，意为“A对B之关系犹如C对D之关系”，因此应填what。
答案　what
 
1．引导词有连词that(that不可省)，whether；代词有who，whom，what，which；副词when，where，how，why等。如：
The problem is that we didn't get in touch with him.
2．as if，because也可引导表语从句。
It was because I got up late.
注意：①当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning.
②whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
 对应学生用书P47
用适当的关连词填空
1．After three hours'climbing，they reached ________ they thought was the place they'd been dreaming of.
解析　reached是及物动词，后边接的是宾语从句，宾语从句除去插入语they thought后缺主语，所以应选what。
答案　what
2．A plan has been put forward ________ more graduates should go to work in the country.
解析　考查同位语从句，表达A plan的具体内容，has been put forward将名词与从句隔开，加大了难度。
答案　that
3．It is pretty well understood ________ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
解析　分析句子结构可知：句子属于形式主语格式；另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。
答案　what
4．—You can't imagine ________ fantastic fun online chatting is.
—Really？But it may cause a lot of trouble sometimes.
解析　imagine后接了一个由what引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句是一个“what＋adj.＋不可数名词＋主＋谓”结构的感叹句。
答案　what
5．________ made the school proud was ________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
解析　分析句子结构可知：句子________ made the school proud缺少主语，另外还要引导主语从句，故此只能选择what。再结合句子________ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities结构完整不缺少成分，只需要引导词。所以选用that。
答案　What；that
6．It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants.
解析　whatever引导一个宾语从句，并且作wants的宾语。这里的whatever不能改成what，因为题意想表达的显然是“无论孩子要什么就给他/她什么是不明智的”，具有泛指的概念。同时要注意，这里whatever也不能改用no matter what，因为后者只能引导状语从句。
答案　whatever
7．—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
—Is that ________ you had a few days off?
解析　why引导的从句作表语，同时why在从句中作原因状语。
答案　why
8．It was a matter of ________ would take the position.
解析　这是一个含宾语从句的复合句，作介词of宾语的是后面的整个句子，而不是宾语从句的引导词，由于这里引导词在从句中作主语，所以要用主格who(作宾语时自然要用whom)。
答案　who
9．________ you have seen both fighters，________ do you think will win?
解析　其中do you think是插入成分，其余部分是宾语从句，作think的宾语；由于引导词在从句中作主语，所以要用主格who(不用whom)。
答案　Since；who
10．China's success in manned－spacecraft travel shows ________ our country has become one of the greatest powers in space research.
解析　该句中的从句作shows的宾语，是宾语从句，又因为从句中不缺主、宾语，所以只能用that引导；又因引导宾语从句时that可以省略。
答案　that(或不填)
11．There is a common belief among them ________ rubbish can and should be put to good use.
解析　“________ rubbish can and should be put to good use.”是a common belief的同位语从句。从句中意思完整，结构完整，所以用that。
答案　that
12．________ has been mentioned above，continued chairman after he took a sip of coffee，________ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.
解析　“________ has been mentioned above”是定语从句，而“________ the project must be carried out before spring flood comes.”是动词continued的宾语从句，宾语从句中句意和结构都完整，故选that，结合第一个空，得知填As与that。
答案　As；that
13．David Beckham has ________ it takes to become a professional football player.
解析　“________ it takes to be a professional footballer”作has的宾语，宾语从句中缺takes的宾语。
答案　what
14．Nobody would stand out admitting the fact，for some reason，________ they lost the game.
解析　“________ they lost the game.”在句子中作the fact的同位语从句，从句意思结构完整。
答案　that
15．—The patient looks much better.________ is it that has made him ________ he is today?
—Perhaps the special medicine and his family's patient care.
解析　根据it is ________ that has made him ________ he is today就可以判断，第一个空是考查强调句型的特殊疑问形式；第二个空则是表语从句，表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意：病人好多了，是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。
答案　What；what