培根（1561-1626），英国哲学家

OF TRAVEL

TRAVEL, in the younger sort, is a part of education, in the elder, a part of experience.

He that travelleth into a country, before he hath some entrance into the language, goeth to school, and not to travel. That young men travel under some tutor, or grave servant, I allow well; so that he be such a one that hath the language, and hath been in the country before; whereby he may be able to tell them what things are worthy to be seen, in the country where they go; what acquaintances they are to seek; what exercises, or discipline, the place yieldeth. For else, young men shall go hooded, and look abroad little.

It is a strange thing, that in sea voyages, where there is nothing to be seen, but sky and sea, men should make diaries; but in land-travel, wherein so much is to be observed, for the most part they omit it; as if chance were fitter to be registered, than observation. Let diaries, therefore, be brought in use.

The things to be seen and observed are: the courts of princes, especially when they give audience to ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes; and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries, with the monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications of cities, and towns, and so the heavens and harbors; antiquities and ruins; libraries; colleges, disputations, and lectures, where any are; shipping and navies; houses and gardens of state and pleasure, near great cities; armories; arsenals; magazines; exchanges; burses; warehouses; exercises of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies, such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of jewels and robes; cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable, in the places where they go. After all which, the tutors, or servants, ought to make diligent inquiry. As for triumphs, masks, feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men need not to be put in mind of them; yet are they not to be neglected.

If you will have a young man to put his travel into a little room, and in short time to gather much, this you must do.

First, as was said, he must have some entrance into the language before he goeth. Then he must have such a servant, or tutor, as knoweth the country, as was likewise said. Let him carry with him also, some card or book, describing the country where he travelleth; which will be a good key to his inquiry. Let him keep also a diary. Let him not stay long, in one city or town; more or less as the place deserveth, but not long; nay, when he stayeth in one city or town, let him change his lodging from one end and part of the town, to another; which is a great adamant of acquaintance. Let him sequester himself, from the company of his countrymen, and diet in such places, where there is good company of the nation where he travelleth. Let him, upon his removes from one place to another, procure recommendation to some person of quality, residing in the place whither he removeth; that he may use his favor, in those things he desireth to see or know.

Thus he may abridge his travel, with much profit.

As for the acquaintance, which is to be sought in travel; that which is most of all profitable, is acquaintance with the secretaries and employed men of ambassadors: for so in travelling in one country, he shall suck the experience of many. Let him also see, and visit, eminent persons in all kinds, which are of great name abroad; that he may be able to tell, how the life agreeth with the fame. For quarrels, they are with care and discretion to be avoided. They are commonly for mistresses, healths, place, and words. And let a man beware, how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome persons; for they will engage him into their own quarrels.

When a traveller returneth home, let him not leave the countries, where he hath travelled, altogether behind him; but maintain a correspondence by letters, with those of his acquaintance, which are of most worth.

And let his travel appear rather in his discourse, than his apparel or gesture; and in his discourse, let him be rather advised in his answers, than forward to tell stories; and let it appear that he doth not change his country manners, for those of foreign parts; but only prick in some flowers, of that he hath learned abroad, into the customs of his own country.

对于年轻人来说，旅行是一种学习知识的过程和方式。而对于成年人，旅行则是丰富人生经验的最佳途径。

当你想到某个国家去旅行时，首先应该学习一些别的国家的语言，可以在旅行之前到学校学习。如果年轻人能够在家庭教师的指导下旅行，就可以便于了解别国语言和风俗，一个严肃的仆人也能够起到很好的帮助作用。他们能够告知缺乏经验的年轻人，什么地方的什么景物是值得观看的，什么人是需要认识的，一个地方有什么风俗和规矩需要注意。否则这个年轻人将会如同被蒙上眼睛一样，东走西撞地在外旅行，但是收获非常少。 

在进行航海旅行的时候，陪伴人们的只有辽阔的天空和大海，这时人们就会用写日记的方式来充实这些富余的时间。在航海旅行的时候能够看到的东西除了天空就是海洋，航海家却总是坚持写航行日志。相对比的是在陆地，大多数景物是模糊不清的，人们却常常忽略用日记记下所看到的一切。这是一件奇怪的事情。难道偶然性的、机会性的事物比应该认真观察的东西更值得记录吗？因为日记的记事作用，在旅行中日记应该坚持写。 

旅行时要注意观察下列事物：君主的宫廷，特别是当他们接见外国使节的时候，法庭与法律的实施情况，同样还有圣职的宗教法院、教堂与修道院，存在于墙上或者要塞的纪念碑、城堡、港口与交通、文物古迹与废墟、文化设施、如图书馆、学校、会议、演说（如果那儿有的话），船舶与舰队，雄伟的建筑与美丽的公园，军事设施与兵工厂、弹药库、交易所、仓库等经济设施，体育，甚至骑术以及篱笆、士兵的训练、剑术、体操等等，富人常来的度假胜地、以及珠宝财富、礼服、剧院、艺术品和工艺品以及其他稀奇之物。总之留心观察所到之处的一切值得永久保存在记忆中的事物。家教和仆从要勤于打听妥善引导。相比之下，有些凯旋典礼、假面舞会、闹剧（盛行于宫廷中的一种诗剧）、宴会、婚礼、葬礼等热闹一时的场面，虽说不应忽略不顾，倒也不必过于上心。

如果作为一个年轻人，想通过一次实践和空间都有限的旅行，迅速获得一些知识，那么前面指出的事情是一定要观看了解的。首先，在作异国旅行之前，它必须掌握所去国的语言。其次，他还要找一个熟悉异国情况的老师或者仆人，抑或其他起到类似作用的人。可以让向导带上介绍该国情况的书籍、地图、卡片，这些东西能够很好地描述他将要去的旅行目的地的状况，将是他旅行中获得信息的一个关键方法。一定要坚持写日记，不仅如此，当他在一个城市或者小镇住下来的时候，在每处逗留时间的长短，要根据该地提供的知识的价值来决定，不要耽搁太久，在住在一个城市或者小镇的时候，最好能经常从一个住处换到另一个住处，以便广泛地结识各界人士，在交际的时候，要让他从熟识的同乡伙伴中走出来，也从同乡聚会的场所消失。不妨到上层社会经常交际娱乐饮食的场所去吃饭，以便结识旅行当地的上流社会和人士，这样在需要的时候你就可能得到他们的关照。在各地旅行搬家的时候，设法获得某位知名人士的推荐信，这样就能够在寻找观看风土人情或者结识各界人士的时候，利用这位知名人士的名望。这样才能使旅游耗时不多而获益匪浅。 

至于在旅行的过程中结识各界人士，对你最为有益的是结识各国使节的秘书和仆人。与他们的交往能使你虽然只到一国，却能了解许多国家的情况。在旅行的时候，还可以去拜访一下当地居住的名人，特别是那些名气传到国外的，这样就可能知道他们的实际与所负的名望是否相称。 

一定要注意避免卷入纠纷和决斗之中。一般来说，这种争吵和决斗的原因往往是争夺情人、位置、荣誉、年轻气盛，或语言过失。因此一个人在待人接物上就必须谨慎小心，以避免发生不必要的纠葛，特别是在和那种性情易怒、好争吵的人交往时更要小心谨慎，否则他们将把你拖入是非纠葛之中，使你透不过气来。在旅行结束回家后，不要把已旅行过的异国他乡都置于脑后，而应当继续通过写信与那些已结交的而且有帮助的友人们保持联系。此外，这次旅行的收获更多的应该体现在一个人的言谈和见识之中，而不是改头换面的一身异国装束以及异国的手势风俗。在谈论履行情况的时候，最好只是回答问题而不是自己夸耀。同时，不要使自己看上去只是一个出国就忘记家乡风俗礼节的人，而应当学习一些外国的精华，把别国的优良事物嫁接到本国风俗之中。