脊柱侧弯绝大多数发病在青少年时期，而且侧弯角度越大，女孩的比例越高，脊柱侧弯在青少年中的发病率在1.1%~15.5%，世界各地区的发病率差异很大，在中国约为3.5%~5.5%。就性别而言，侧弯越严重，则女性比例越高，侧弯5度者男女比例约为1∶1，侧弯10度者约为1∶2，侧弯20度者约为1∶5，如果侧弯达30度以上，男女比例约为1∶10。

　　当从背后观察正常的脊柱时，背后的形态是直的，而且躯干双侧是对称的。正常的脊柱是有一定的弧度的，比如一定度数的颈前凸、胸后凸和腰前凸，它们对维持骨盆以上躯干的平衡性是非常必要的。脊柱侧弯指的是“S”型脊柱，即脊柱的某些节段偏离身体正常的正面轴线，不是正常的一定角度的前后凸，而是侧凸及旋转畸形。

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　　严重的脊柱侧弯可能会导致患者出现肺功能障碍，因为严重胸部畸形多数伴有限制性通气障碍，随着侧弯加重还可能出现心脏功能障碍，这也是为什么一些患者在体育运动或劳动时容易感到疲劳、气短、胸闷的原因，此外患者还可能伴有下肢麻木、大小便困难等症状。对于青春期女性患者而言，严重的脊柱侧弯还会影响身高、第二性征，患者容易出现乳房不对称、乳房发育较差，月经初潮往往有异常，而且侧弯脊柱还可能压迫骨盆倾斜变形，影响生育。

　　脊柱侧弯的实际发病年龄较发现时间早，因脊柱位置较深不易早期发现侧弯，待两肩不等高或肋骨隆起后才发现，此时，脊柱侧弯角度已较大。其实，除了两肩不平、肋骨突出、肩胛后凸、骨盆倾斜、下肢不等长、“刀削背”、“剃刀背”等明显症状之外，一个很简单的初次筛选的方法，帮助家长对此病早发现早治疗。可先让孩子站好，弯腰用双手触摸脚面，细心的家长不难从孩子的后背观察到脊柱的形状。一旦发现异常，家长应及早带孩子到医院就诊。

　　目前脊柱侧弯的治疗方法主要有定期随访、支具治疗、手法复位治疗和手术治疗。家长应该对此早发现早就医，但是手术不能仓促，需要综合考虑脊柱畸形时的年龄、畸形进展速度、侧凸的度数、身体发育程度、外观畸形、躯干平衡、月经史、第二性征等因素。其实，脊柱侧弯多数情况下是一种良性病变，发展比较缓慢，绝大多数矫正治疗。

　　专家建议脊柱侧弯患者经常吊吊单杠，利用自身重力拉伸脊柱，甚至可以在腿部绑上沙包，这对侧弯加重能起到抑制作用。同时，治疗效果一般跟病人就诊时机有很大关系，早期治疗甚至能够完全将畸形矫正，恢复到正常状态，如果治疗晚，待患者青春期发育结束，骨骼比较僵硬，效果可能欠理想。因为脊柱侧弯不同程度地影响患者身高，所以在手术后，患者身高一般都会有2～5厘米的增长。

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