程阳：科学研究否定身体局部减肥的说法

—— 人们减肥的时候，脂肪去哪啦？

Joe Dragon lost 130 pounds. Scroll down to see what he looks like after his weight loss.

乔龙的体重整整减了130磅，往下看看他减肥后的靓仔模样。

 

好些广告和杂志，正在大力鼓吹“身体局部减肥”，但科学数据却并不支持他们的荒唐说法。脂肪热爱女人的大腿、屁股和男人的腰部，所以肥胖的女性像一只梨子，而肥胖的男性更像一颗苹果。局部减脂几乎是天方夜谭，利用X光来解析减肥前后身体的构造后发现局部减肥根本行不通，仅仅是身体总体由“大号”变成了“小号”而已。

 

【CNN网站X光照片】一个37岁的妇女在不到五年的时间里减掉将近300磅的体重，但减肥后的她依然是一只“梨子”，只是变为小号了。

 

波士顿大学医学院肥胖与营养研究中心教授苏珊•弗里德（SUSAN FRIED）表示：“减肥是全身脂肪成比例的缩减。”坦普尔大学（Temple University）肥胖研究与教育中心主任加里•福斯特（Gary Foster）也说：“人们总幻想局部减肥，其实是不可能的。脂肪只能全身成比例的缩减，身材也是在原形的基础上变瘦。”同时福斯特还指出，对大多数来说，是基因或者说是激素水平决定了你的身材。所以，减肥者得明白，体重是可以减轻的，体型是不可改变的。

 

【梨子很高调，苹果更危险】

 

通常来说，女性趋向于梨型身材，男性趋向于苹果型。疯狂减肥的通常是“女梨子”，但臀部的皮下脂肪只是看似高调，腹部脂肪才是真正危险的存在。这些堆积在腹部的脂肪就是臭名昭著的内脏脂，它们包裹着腹部器官，打乱身体正常的代谢机制，危险指数非常高！

 

亚利桑那州斯科茨代尔市健康减肥中心外科及医务科主任罗宾•黑石（Robin Blackstone）博士指出，脂肪是人体基本的供能物质，脂肪分解产生的游离脂肪酸进入肝脏，并在此分解产生能量供给人体。

 

但如果你的脂肪过多，那过多的脂肪酸超出肝脏的处理能力，就会在肝脏中堆积起来，引发一系列的健康问题，包括非酒精性脂肪肝、胰岛素抵抗以及糖尿病等。同时，脂肪细胞分泌的一些激素可诱发心脏病、中风、关节肌肉疼痛等。

 

【只增不减的脂肪细胞】

 

通常来说，人类有10亿到30亿个脂肪细胞，但肥胖者的脂肪细胞则可以多达100亿个！不要以为这庞大的脂肪细胞家族会因为减肥而“人口”骤减至正常。

 

研究脂肪储存的弗里德博士说，脂肪细胞很特别，我们吃下去的脂肪会以甘油三酯的形式储存在脂肪细胞中，以方便身体随时调用。

 

如果我们总是暴饮暴食，不仅会让脂肪细胞体积膨胀，还会导致脂肪细胞的数量的增加。但实际上，脂肪细胞数量只会在儿童期及青春期增长，成年后，脂肪细胞数量基本恒定。但减肥时，脂肪细胞只会在体积上缩点水，数量却是不会减少的，而且这些缩水的脂肪依然保有扩张的能力。换句话说，减肥是一件逆水行舟不进则退的事情！

 

减肥不能减脂肪细胞数量，吸脂手术还是能移除一部分脂肪细胞的。不过整形外科医师托尼·杨（Tony Youn）指出，对于肥胖者，吸脂术虽然能减少一部分脂肪细胞，但并不表示剩下脂肪细胞不会“吃”得更胖。

 

 

http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/07/22/fat.weight.loss/

 

When you're losing weight, where does the fat go?

 

By Madison Park, CNN

July 22, 2011 9:35 a.m. EDT

 

(CNN) -- Multiple chins, bulging tummies and flabby arms: It's easy to see where fat accumulates on the body.

 

When a person starts losing weight, where does the fat go? And what parts of the body can you expect to see results?

 

Headlines from fitness magazines promise exercises to blast away belly fat and activities to spot-reduce flab. The scientific evidence, unfortunately, doesn't back those sexy headlines.

 

Here are three things to know about weight-loss and body fat.

 

You can't change your shape, just your size.

 

You can't cherry-pick where you shed fat; weight loss doesn't work like a point-and-shoot.

 

MRIs, CT scans and dexa scans, which use X-ray beams to measure body composition, show no evidence for spot reduction.

 

 

 

 

Maggie and Andy Sorrells in 2002, before the couple started a faith-based weight loss program.

 

This dexa scan of a woman who underwent bariatric surgery shows where she lost her body fat.

 

Maggie Sorrells said she essentially retained her pear shape, although she is 300 pounds lighter.

 

Joe Dragon lost 135 pounds on Weight Watchers and exercise.

 

==============

 

"Basically, when we lose weight, we lose weight all over in exactly the proportion that's distributed throughout our body," said Susan Fried, director of the Boston Obesity and Nutrition Research Center at the Boston University School of Medicine.

 

 This dexa scan of a woman who underwent bariatric surgery shows where she lost her body fat.A pear-shaped woman who loses weight will remain a pear, just a daintier one, say researchers who specialize in body fat. More women tend to be pear-shaped, with fat around their hips and thighs. Men tend to be apple-shaped, because they have fat that accumulates around their waist.

 

"People come in with unrealistic expectations from magazines and spot-reducing," said Gary Foster, director of Temple University's Center for Obesity Research and Education. "That doesn't happen. When you start to lose fat, it's proportionate throughout your body, whether it's your neck, waist, ankle circumference. You'll come out smaller but have the same body shape."

 

 Maggie and Andy Sorrells in 2002, before the couple started a faith-based weight loss program.That was the case with Maggie Sorrells, 37, who lost nearly 300 pounds through diet and exercise in less than five years.

 

Share your weight loss stories with iReport

 

Her body was pear-shaped even when she weighed about 500 pounds. She reduced her portion sizes and attended weekly faith-based weight loss meetings called Weigh Down. She noticed that her face and hips were getting smaller.

 

"My hips were like 73 inches," Sorrells said. They're now down to 39 inches.

 

"It's crazy to think how much they've come down."

 

See her iReport: Andy & Maggie 550 down

 

She and her husband, Andy, who live in Nashville, lost more than 500 pounds combined.

 

Sorrells essentially retained her pear shape, although she's 300 pounds lighter. "I'm still rounder in the bottom part of my body. I'm still pear-shaped," she said.

 

 Maggie Sorrells said she essentially retained her pear shape, although she is 300 pounds lighter.For most people, the problem is their weight, not their body shape, Foster said. Whether you're a pear or apple may be determined by genetics or hormones.

 

Not all body fat is created equal.

 

When Joe Dragon, an insurance company supervisor in Albany, New York, started losing weight from his 425-pound frame, he noticed the biggest difference in his stomach.

 

"I was never heavy on the bottom; it was more the gut, belly area," the 34-year-old said. "The differences I noticed, I have a flat stomach. It used to be huge round ball."

 

See his iReport: Joe from Albany

 

 Joe Dragon lost 135 pounds on Weight Watchers and exercise.Like Dragon, men tend to be apple-shaped and carry more belly fat, known as visceral fat. This is a dangerous type of fat because it surrounds abdominal organs and is metabolically active.

 

Essentially, it disturbs the regular mechanisms in your body.

 

The fat cells release biochemicals that lead to inflammation, which could lead to heart attacks, strokes and joint and muscle pain. This accumulates in the liver, said Dr. Robin Blackstone, surgeon and medical director of Scottsdale Healthcare Bariatric Center in Arizona.

 

"Fat is basically a store of energy," she said. "When you need energy, you break down the fat. That breaks down into a component called free fatty acid and goes into the liver for energy. When you have a lot of excess fat, it generates so much free fatty acid, the liver can't handle it, so it stores it."

 

That triggers a host of problems including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance and diabetes.

 

"Belly fat is much more harmful than the so-called big butt," Foster said.

 

The fat in the hips causes much alarm because that part of the body is highly visible. Called subcutaneous fat, the masses of this fat may be unsightly, but scientists believe they're not as dangerous as internal abdominal fat.

 

For cosmetic or social reasons, women are more likely to seek obesity treatment than men.

 

"What that says is that men are likely to need obesity treatment more than women, but women, likely due to stigma socially for being overweight, are more likely to present for treatment," Foster said.

 

Where does the fat go?

 

Fat cells expand when people consume more energy than they can burn. During weight loss, the cells shrink.

 

"The fat is a very specialized cell, and it takes basically the fat we eat and it stores it in form of triglycerides," said Fried, who researches how fat is deposited. "It's doing that for the purpose of releasing it when other parts of the body need it."

 

 

Humans carry about 10 billion to 30 billion fat cells. People who are obese can have up to 100 billion.

 

"If anyone of us overeats long and hard enough, we can increase the number of fat cells in our body," Fried said. "When we lose weight, we don't lose the number of fat cells."

 

The size of the cells shrinks, but the capacity to expand is always there.

 

Liposuction can remove fat cells, but this procedure is ideally for people who are not obese.

 

"The fat cells are actually being removed," said Tony Youn, a plastic surgeon who performs liposuctions. "It doesn't mean that fat cells that remain can't get bigger."

 

Despite the extraction of fat cells, the ones remaining can always get bigger or smaller depending on a person's diet and fitness.

 

 

 

 

 

程阳：当争论走路与跑步的时候，人们到底在争论什么？

程阳：修身日历，震撼心扉的快乐旅程

程阳：阿特金斯减肥法及其争议

【TED演讲】海伦·费舍尔：为什么爱情最让人成瘾？

程阳：长寿专家丹·比特纳的晚餐选择——神秘的“蓝色地区”养生经

程阳：科学研究否定身体局部减肥的说法

《科学美国人》食物让人成瘾，肥胖可能是种精神病

《科学美国人》成瘾致肥：暴饮暴食就像毒品那样改变大脑

多巴胺是：爱欲？赌博？奖赏？成瘾？

【全图解】为什么节食和锻炼减不了体重？

【程阳解答】老公长期买彩票“不亏本”，这病得治！

【程阳解答】如何控制“买彩成瘾”？

黄永明：碎片化造成现代人智商下降

程阳：“失之毫厘”更能增强赌瘾

博彩心理学与经济学理论

程阳：手机游戏的五项基本原则