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初中语法总结及练习

〔九〕非谓语动词-动名词及分词

动名词 动名词同时具有 ____ 特性及____的特征，它的动词特征是它可有宾语和状语；它的名词特征是它可做主语、宾语。

动名词的形式：否定式为 _________ doing, 完成式为 ____________，被动式为　　____________ /having been done
□动名词可充当： 主语(Seeing is believing);※谓语动词必须用 ___ 数形式; 作表语(be+:注意比较His job is washing clothes/he is washing<</SPAN>现在分词> clothes)；作定语reading room ※动名词与所修饰的名词没有逻辑主谓关系，试比较missing<</SPAN>现在分词> bike);作补语I saw this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(我把这叫做拆了东墙补西墙); 作_______词、______ 词的宾语(如enjoy doing, look forward to doing)
□动名词与不定式作直接宾语时在含义上的区别
①forget doing/to do sth. ②remember doing/to do sth. ③stop doing sth.和stop to do sth. ④regret doing sth. 表示“后悔过去做过的某一件事情” regret to do sth.意思是“对正在做的，或者是还未做的事情表示后悔”。⑤want, need, require表示“需要”的意思时，后面常使用动名词或不定式的被动式。This car needs repairing. →This car needs____________ (repair).
□动名词的常用句型  ①go + doing sth. 去做……②be worth doing sth. ③can't help + doing sth. ④be used to + doing sth. ⑤It is no use(good)+doing sth. ⑥forgive sb. for doing sth./prevent sb. from doing sth.⑦ without + doing sth. 没有做……就……She kept sitting there without saying to anybody.她一直坐在那里，默不做声。⑧ no + doing...表示“禁止，不准”。No parking.

分词分为 _____ 分词和 _____ 分词两种形式。

□现在分词与过去分词的比较
①所表示的语态不同: 现在分词具有主动和进行的含义，常用于修饰______；而过去分词含有被动的意思，经常用于说明_____的情况。如：an exciting film/the excited people
②所表示的时间不同：现在分词表示正在进行的动作、行为；而过去分词是说明 ________了的动作或行为。如：developing countries /developed countries

③所表示的语义不同：多数现在分词可译为“使人怎样……”；用来说明事或物的性质；而过去分词的含义为“某人感到怎样……”，说明人的感觉。
其它：moving/moved, amusing/amused, boring/bored, astonishing/astonished, discouraging/discouraged, disappointing/disappointed, frightening/frightened, inspiring/inspired, amazing/amazed
④所用的修饰语不同: 现在分词之前常用表示程度的修饰语 ______，而过去分词之前常用much。The game is  very exciting. We’re ______ excited at the game.

现在分词有____词和形容词的双重特性，可作定状补表，有时式和语态的变化，有逻辑主语。
①现在分词常可用作定语、表语<</SPAN>常表示性质，不表动作>( interesting,)※现在分词短语一般置于所饰的名词之_____ The car parking under the tree.

②现在分词用作补语  ※表示感官的动词接现在分词，表示动作正在发生(notice, watch等)或使役动词 (have, get, keep, leave等) 如：I kept the boy _____ (wait).※用作主补，常用于被动语态中 如：He was seen stealing money.

③现在分词常可用作状语  ※ 表时间，可置于句首、中、末，如：She drove away_____ (cry).分词动作与谓语动作同时发生; Climbing to the top, I saw it. 分词动作与谓语动作先后发生; Not___________ (finish)the homework, he had to stay up late at night .完成式表示分词动作在谓语动作之前发生。※现在分词之前可用连词when或while(e.g. when sleeping) 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。※表原因，可置于句中、末，如: _____ (be) sick I stayed at home.※表条件，可置于谓语之前或之后，如：I’ll be better off walking.
※表让步，如：_________ (know) this, they made me pay for this coat.※表结果、方式，如：She threw the doll on the floor _______ (break) it to pieces;

④现在分词短语具有替代从句的作用※替代定语从句 Students wishing to go hiking should sign their names here.（=Students who wish to go hiking should sign their names here.）※替代状语从句的作用Knowing that he couldn't solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind. (＝Because he knew that he couldn't solve the problem in this way, he changed his mind.)※分词的独立主格结构 分词或者分词短语作状语使用时，其逻辑主语一定要和句子的主语一致。如果不一致，须在分词之前加上它的逻辑主语，这就是独立主格结构。After a little while, her eyes being full of tears, the mother came over and embraced him.
□经常使用现在分词的句型 be busy + doing sth. /spend (waste) time(money)+doing sth. /catch (find) sb.+ doing sth. 抓住、发现某人在做某事I found myself lying on the ground.(=I found that I was lying on the ground.)/have sb. + doing sth. 让(请)某人做某事 e.g. Do you have anybody sending your daughter home?/keep sb. + doing sth 让某人持续做某事

过去分词具有___词和形容词的双重特性。在句中的作用相当于形容词和副词，在句中可用作定、状、补、表语。
□过去分词可用作定语<</SPAN>常表已完成的动作，但过去分词短语作定语时常置于所修饰的名词之___>；用作表语，如 be surprise with <</SPAN>有时可用于倒装句中，如Gone are the days>。
□用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随。※_____(When/while) Heated, the mental expands.(受热即膨胀)※_____Gone from home so long, he looks forward to the meeting with his old friends.※_____United, we stand; divided, we fall.※_____ (Although)Fell far behind from the others, he still keeps on trying.※_____She stood there much disappointed.  （填写时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随）
□用作补语※用作宾补时，其前的动作多为感官动词和使役动词。E.g. He is having their house_____ (paint) .※用作主补The fire is reported controlled.
□用作表语时，相当于形容词；过去分词用于被动态时，则表动作。The road is completed. (竣工)