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 牛津高二英语M7U4  Public transport学案
Grammar and usage
分词作定语和状语
分词分为现在分词和过去分词，具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、补足语、表语或状语。其否定形式是直接在前面加not。分词的基本情况如下表所示：
类别 主动语态 被动语态 时间意义 语态意义
现在
分词 一般式  Doing Being done 与谓语动词同时
或几乎同时发生 根据语态形式，
主动或被动意义
 完成式 Having done Having been done 发生在谓语动词之前 根据语态形式，
主动或被动意义
过去分词 done 无 表示动作完成 被动意义
1 分词作定语
（1）现在分词作定语时和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在或经常发生。单个现在分词作定语放在被修饰词前面，现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。
【考例1】   There have been several new events __    _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.（06年北京卷） A. add    B. to add    C. adding    D. added
解析 D。本题考查非谓语动词作定语用法，题干部分可改写为：There have been several new events (that have been) added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
（2）过去分词作定语时和被修饰词之间往往是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语放在被修饰词的前面，过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。
【考例2】   Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ___    to ordinary people for their contribution to environmental protection.（06年山东卷）
A. being given     B. is given      C. given        D. was given
解析 C。题中a title是award的同位语，后接非谓语动词短语作定语，因此可排除B,D两项。选项动词give与名词title之间是被动关系，且根据句意，give并非表示正在进行，因此用过去分词作定语。答案为C。
2 分词作状语
（1）现在分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等；表示时间关系的现在分词短语有时可由连词 while或when引导。
【考例3】When ___   _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. （06年浙江卷）
 A. compared    B. being compared   C. comparing   D. having compared
解析 C。选项动词compare与句子主语之间是主动关系，根据语意选项动词并非发生在谓语动词之前，所以用现在分词的一般式的主动语态作状语，表示时间。正确答案为C。
（2）过去分词在句中作状语时和句子的主语之间是被动关系，即动宾关系。它在句中可表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式、让步及伴随状况等。
【考例4】   ___ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.（06年福建卷）  A. Blaming    B. Blamed   C. To blame    D. To be blamed
解析 B。blame sb. for sth.意为因某事责怪某人，题中blame与主语之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词作状语，表示原因。注意：在英语中有些表示说话人态度的分词结构已成为固定用语，不遵循其逻辑主语与句子一致的原则。如：generally speaking总的来说；judging from根据……判断； speaking of说到……；talking of谈到……；considering考虑到。
高考链接：
1. (’06全国I) ____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A. Surprising    B. Surprised       C. Being surprised       D. To be surprising
2. (’06全国II) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ____ that all children like these things.
A. thinking      B. think           C. to think              D. thought
3. (’06天津) A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ____.
A. unsatisfied    B. unsatisfying      C. to be unsatisfying     D. being unsatisfying
4. (’06四川) ____ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.
A. Faced        B. Face            C. Facing               D. To face
5. (’06广东) No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.   A. performing      B. performed    C. to be performed    D. being performed
6. (’06上海) Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ____ the same pay, but Earl had more ambition.
A. to earn          B. to have earned          C. earning          D. earned
7. (’06上海) ____ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members.
A. Mailed out     B. Mailing out      C. To be mailed out       D. Having mailed out
8. (’06江苏) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ____ the same thing.
A. saying        B. said         C. to say         D. having said
9. (’06安徽) My cousin came to see me from the country, ____ me a full basket of fresh fruits.
A. brought       B. bringing     C. to bring      D. had brought
10. (’06安徽) Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ____.   A. blamed     B. blaming         C. to blame   D. to be blamed
11. (’06湖北) Don’t sit there ____ nothing. Come and help me with this table.
A. do            B. to do           C. doing              D. and doing
12. (’06湖南) The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ____ the desert.
A. covering       B. covered         C. cover              D. to cover
13. (’06湖南) If you think that treating a woman well means always ____ her permission for things, think again.    A. gets         B. got         C. to get       D. getting
14. (’06江西) After he became conscious, he remembered ____ and ____ on the head with a rod.
A. to attack; hit  B. to be attacked; to be hit  C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit
15. (’06辽宁) I was told that there were about 50 foreign students ____ Chinese in the school, most ____ were from Germany.
A. study; of whom   B. study; of them  C. studying; of them  D. studying; of whom
16. (’06陕西) Faced with a bill for $10,000, ____.
A. John has taken an extra job   B. the boss has given John an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken   D. an extra job has been given to John
17. (’06四川) The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ___________ in Beijing in 2008.
A. hold                B. holding            C. held               D. to be held
18. —Dear Frank, when will our wedding be?
—“Ah, when? God knows!” he said, and ______ away from her, walked rapidly away.
A. turning              B. turned             C. turn               D. to turn
Keys: 1-5 BAAAB  6-10 CAABC  11-15 CADDD  16-18 ADA