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Module 2 The Renaissance
Period 2 Grammar and Usage--Review of non-finite verbs
Goals
● To review ~ing form, the ~ed form and to + infinitive;
Procedures
Step 1: Review the participles used as adverbials
1)A present participle phrase is used to replace a sentence.
A. When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. The participle can be before or after the finite verb.
e.g. He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling.
B. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be put first.
e.g. He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.= Opening the drawer and took out a revolver.
It would seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and say Having opened, but this is not necessary except when the use of the present participle might lead to ambiguity。
C. When the second action forms part of the first, or are a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle. e.g. She went out, slamming the door.
2)The perfect participle (active) ---having done
The perfect participle emphasizes that the first action is complete before the second one starts, but it is not necessary in the combinations of this kind, except when the use of the present participle might lead to confusion.
Reading the instructions, he snatched up the medicine. “might” give the impression that the two actions were simultaneous. Here therefore the perfect participle would be better.
Having read the instructions, he snatched up the medicine.
3)The past participle (passive) and the perfect participle (passive)
A. The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle can replace subject +active verb:
    She enters. She is accompanied by her mother.
  = She enters, accompanied by her mother.
    As he was convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
= Convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
B. The perfect participle passive (having been done) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb.
e.g. Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.
一、分词的形式
                语态                        
时态  
主动语态  
被动语态
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。
分词作状语
分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：
（1）表示时间
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way.  到了巴黎，我迷了路。
The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf-dog. 猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。
表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while, when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：
Don’t talk while having dinner. 吃饭时不要说话。
When crossing the street, do be careful.  过马路时要小心。
（2）表示原因
表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。
Having lived in London for years, I almost know every place quite well. 
在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
Seriously injured, he had to be taken to hospital.  由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。
（3）表示结果
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
 大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。
Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.
 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。
（4）表示方式
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。
（5）表示条件
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。
Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。
强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless, once等。如：
You shouldn’t come in unless asked to. 不让你进来你不准进来。
Once losing this chance, you can’t easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。
二、分词的独立主格结构
分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。
1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：
Supper finished (=After supper was finished), we started to discuss the picnic.
吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。
All the tickets having been sold out (=As all the tickets having been sold out), we had to wait for the next week’s show.  所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。
2、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：
The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 
足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。
Nobody (being) in, I didn’t enter the hall. 里面没有人，我没进大厅。
3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head). 
他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。
The river looks more beautiful, flowers and grass growing on both sides (=with flowers and grass growing on both sides). 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。
with＋宾语＋宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：
The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up. 没人叫我，我会错过火车的。
The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 
这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
4、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：
generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。如：
Talking of the computer, I like it very much. 谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。
Step 2: Review of infinitive and gerund construction
Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund
advise, need, permit, allow, prefer, begin, propose, can/could bear, recommend, regret, continue, remember, forget, require, hate, start, intend, stop, like, try, love, used to, mean, want
A. Verbs taking infinitive or gerund without change of meaning
1) begin, start, continue, cease
2) bear
3) intend
4) advise, allow, permit, recommend
5) needs, wants, requires
B. regret, remember, forget
They are used with a gerund when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action.
e.g. I regret spending too much money.
=I’m sorry I spent so much money.
I remember reading about the earthquake in the papers.
(“reading” is the first action, “remember” is the second)
C. go on to do sth. 做完一件事接着做另一件事
  go on doing sth. 继续做原来所做的同一件事
  mean to do sth. 想或企图做某事
  mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
  try to do sth.  想或企图做某事
  try doing sth.  尝试着做某事
Step 3: Exercises concerning non-finite
1.非谓语动词的用法对比练习
A.① I want one magazine ______.  (read)
  ② My teacher wanted me ______ this question. (answer)
  ③ The woman wanted her husband ______ at once. (examine)
  ④ My bicycle wants _______. (repair)
B.① What made you ______ so? (think)
  ② The girl was made _____ a man she didn't love at all. (marry)
  ③ The show made me _______ in the study of science. (interest)
  ④ He raised the picture to make everyone _______ clearly. (see)
  ⑤ He raised his voice to make himself _______. (hear)
  ⑥ My father himself  made some candles _______ light. (give)
  ⑦ The boss made the workers _______ day and night. (work)
C.① You’d better get your own room _______. (clean)  
  ② Yesterday he got his wallet _______. (steal)  
  ③ You should get your friends _______ you. (help) 
  ④ The lecture got us _______. (think)
  ⑤ Don’t get ________ in the rain. (catch)
D.① Did you see somebody _______ into the room? (steal)  
  ② I saw him _______ in the room at that time. (read)  
  ③ She was glad to see her child ________ good care of. (take)   
  ④ I saw her _______ at the windows, thinking. (seat)   
  ⑤ She was seen ______ here. (come)
E.① I like _______ very much.  (swim)
  ② I don’t like _______ TV at this time. (watch)
  ③ He never likes _______ at the meeting. (praise)   
  ④ I feel like _______ to the cinema. (go)
  ⑤ Would you like ______ with me ? (go)
F.① The man ______ at the meeting now is from the south. (speak)  
  ② I don’t know the professor______ at the meeting tomorrow.(speak)  
  ③ He is the professor _______ to dinner. (invite)
G. ① It was so cold and he had the fire _______ all night long. (burn) 
   ② I have a lot of exercises ________ today. (do) 
   ③ “Do you have nay clothes_______ today ?” asked Mother.(wash) 
    ④ You’d better have that bad tooth _______ out. (pull) 
    ⑤ I want to have him _______ a car for me. (find)
H.① He doesn’t do anything but _______ all day. (play)  
  ② We have no choice but _______ . (obey)
  ③ I’m thinking of how _______ my English. (improve) 
  ④ He made an apology for _____ late. (be)
I. ① He told us about his trip in an _______ voice. (excite)
  ② He told us his story in a _______ voice. (tremble)  
  ③ At the sight of a snake, the little girl was very _______. (frighten) 
  ④ The boy was _______, so I didn't believe him again. (disappoint)
J. ① He is looking forward to ______ college. (enter)  
  ② He is looking forward to _____ nothing. (see)
K. ① When he heard the news, he couldn't help_______ with joy. (jump)
   ② I couldn’t help ______ by the beauty of nature. (strike)
   ③ Sorry , I can’t help ______ the housework today. (do)
L. ①______ enough time, we’ll do it better. (give)
   ②______ a candle , he went on reading. (light)
   ③______ from the hill , the park looks more beautiful. (see)
④______ the people well, we must work hard at our lessons.(serve)
高考链接
1. ____ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (2006全国I)
  A. Surprising      B. Surprised     C. Being surprised        D. To be surprising
2. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, ____ that all children like these things. (2006全国II)
  A. thinking    B. think      C. to think    D. thought
3. There have been several new events ____ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (2006北京)
   A. add         B. to add     C. adding      D. added
4. I can’t stand ____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses ____ talking while she works. (2006北京)
   A. working; stopping   B. to work; stopping   C. working; to stop     D. to work; to stop
5. A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left ____.(2006天津)
   A. unsatisfied       B. unsatisfying    C. to be unsatisfying      D. being unsatisfying
6. Isn’t it time you got down to ____ the papers? (2006重庆)
   A. mark      B. be marked    C. being marked    D. marking
7. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ____ in Beijing in 2008. (2006四川)
   A. hold      B. holding      C. held            D. to be held
8. ____ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (2006四川)
   A. Faced     B. Face         C. Facing         D. To face
9. No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. (2006广东)
   A. performing     B. performed    C. to be performed        D. being performed
10. ____ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour. (2006广东)
   A. Having made    B. Make      C. Making    D. To make
11. Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use ____ with him. (2006上海)
   A. to argue       B. arguing   C. argued    D. having argued
12. Energy drinks are not allowed ____ in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. (2006上海)
   A. to make      B. to be made    C. to have been made     D. to be making
13. Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ____ the same pay, but Earl had more ambition. (2006上海)
   A. to earn    B. to have earned    C. earning    D. earned
14. The mother felt herself ____ cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. (2006上海)
  A. grow       B. grown        C. to grow     D. to have grown
15. ____ automatically, the e-mail will be received by all the club members. (2006上海)
  A. Mailed out       B. Mailing out    C. To be mailed out      D. Having mailed out
16. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always ____ the same thing. (2006江苏)
   A. saying     B. said         C. to say     D. having said
17. ---There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.
   ---My goodness! I can’t imagine ____ that old. (2006江苏)
  A. to be      B. to have been    C. being      D. having been
18. My cousin came to see me from the country, ____ me a full basket of fresh fruits. (2006安徽)
   A. brought    B. bringing        C. to bring   D. had brought
19. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ____.(2006安徽)
   A. blamed     B. blaming         C. to blame   D. to be blamed
20. ____ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (2006福建)
  A. Blaming    B. Blamed          C. To blame   D. To be blamed
21. AIDS is said ____ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北)
  A. that it is    B. to be      C. that it has been   D. to have been
22. Don’t sit there ____ nothing. Come and help me with this table. (2006湖北)
  A. do         B. to do           C. doing              D. and doing
23. The wild flowers looked like a soft orange blanket ____ the desert. (2006湖南)
  A. covering   B. covered         C. cover              D. to cover
24. If you think that treating a woman well means always ____ her permission for things, think again. (2006湖南)
   A. gets       B. got             C. to get             D. getting
25. As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great, national literature were at hand, waiting ____. (2006湖南)
   A. to use     B. to be used       C. to have used      D. to be using
26. After he became conscious, he remembered ____ and ____ on the head with a rod. (2006江西)
   A. to attack; hit  B. to be attacked; to be hit  C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit
27. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ____. (2006江西)
   A. to make    B. to be made   C. making   D. being made
28. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students____ Chinese in the school, most ____ were from Germany. (2006辽宁)
   A. study; of whom     B. study; of them    C. studying; of them    D. studying; of whom
29. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ____ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. (2006山东)
   A. being given     B. is given     C. given     D. was given
30. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to ____ since the flood hit the area last Friday. (2006山东)
   A. have been missing      B. have got lost      C. be missing          D. get lost
31. It is difficult to imagine his ____ the decision without any consideration. (2006陕西)
   A. accept     B. accepting    C. to accept    D. accepted
32. Faced with a bill for $10,000, ____. (2006陕西)
   A. John has taken an extra job    B. the boss has given John an extra job
   C. an extra job has been taken    D. an extra job has been given to John
33. He hurried to the booking office only ____ that all the tickets had been sold out. (2006陕西)
   A. to tell     B. to be told     C. telling     D. told
34. When ____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)
   A. compared       B. being compared      C. comparing        D. having compared
35. It remains ____ whether Jim’ll be fit enough to play in the finals. (2006浙江)
   A. seen      B. to be seen      C. seeing      D. to see
Keys: 1-5 BADCA  6-10 DDABD  11-15 BBCAA  16-20 ACBCB 
21-25 DCADB  26-30 DBDCA  31-35 BABCB