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牛津 8B Unit1 复习教案
教学目的1. To go over the knowledge in unit 1
教学重点和难点1. present perfect tense and some words and expressions
教学过程
一、重点单词：just, since, fact, turn, miss, pleasant, land, way, lonely,
              lucky, grandpa, unkind, impolite, over, unhealthy
二、短语运用：in fact, get married, turn into, noise pollution, take off,
              in some ways, from time to time, be in service/use, free time, on
              one’s own, on longer, the changes to;
三、重点结构：It is easy for him to see them as often as before.
              It was built to the north of Lantau Island.
              I wish you a happy holiday.
              It no longer provides a good environment for wildlife.
              The changes have brought many benefits but they have also caused many problems for wildlife.
四、语法：现在完成时，present perfect tense
1、现在完成时所表示的动作发生在过去，但考虑较多的不是动作发生在过去的什么时候，而是强调与目前的联系，即过去与现在的关系。强调过去的动作对目前造成的影响和后果，或强调动作本身或状态持续地现在，因此属于现在时范畴。它的主要用法可概括为八个字：影响、结果、持续和经历。
2、现在完成时的构成：
肯定式：I/We/you/they have + been/ worked
        she/he/it has + been/worked
否定式：have not +been/worked
        has not + been/worked
疑问式：Have +主语+been/worked …?
        Has + 主语+ been/worked…?
3、现在完成时的用法
（1）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在生成的影响或结果。
     如：He has read the book.他已经读过这本书了。
     “读书”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是“读过了”。
(2) 表示动作过去已经开始，持续到现在，可能还要继续下去。这时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用。
     如：He has worked for more than three years. 他工作三年多了。
         I have been in Suzhou for ten years. 我来苏州已经十年了。
 (3) 现在完成时属于现在时态范畴，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last week, a day ago等。但可以和never, ever, already, yet, just(刚刚), for…, since…, in the past three years, so far(到目前为止), by now, before（以前）等连用。
      如：Have you finished your picture yet? 你已经完成你的画了吗？
          I have never heard of him before. 过去我从未听说过他。
 (4) 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词。这种动词动作开始也就意味着结束，所以不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。这些动词是become, begin, start, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, go,  join, leave, marry 等。这了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have, keep 等或短语“be+名词/形容词/位置副词/介词短语”来代替短暂性动词。
如：He has kept the book for three weeks. 这本书他已借了三周了。
    The meeting has been on for half an hour. 会已开始半小时了。
    He has been in the army for three years. 他参军三年了。
（5）其他词组的区别
①since和for的区别
since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后为时间点。如：He has lived here since 2000. 2000年以来他一直住在这儿。
I haven’t seen him since ten years ago. 自十年前开始我就没见过他。
I have known him since I was very young. 我很小时就认识他了。
For短语表示动作延续多长时间，for后面跟时间段。
如：He has lived here for three years.他住这儿已经三年了。
I haven’t seen her for a long time.我已经好久没见到她了。
②have/has been in, have/has been to和have/has gone to的区别
have/has been in表示“在某地呆了多久了”，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。 Have/has been to表示“曾到过某地（已回来）”，不能与一段时间的状语连用。两者表示的意义不同，所以跟的时间状语也不同。
如：He has been to Guangzhou twice. 他去过广州两次。
He has been in Guangzhou for a long time. 他在广州已呆了很长时间了。
have/has gone to意为“到某地去了（还没回来）”，表示到了某地或正在去的途中。总之，说话时当事人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
如：—Where is Kate?               凯特在哪儿？
—She has gone to the post office.  她去邮局了。