A book，tight shut，is but a block of paper．

译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。
译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。

? Nothing happened in the night．
   译文一：夜间什么事也没发生。
   译文二：夜间倒是风平浪静，什么事也没    发生。

? Away flies the arrow!
译文一：箭飞走了!
译文二：箭嗖的一声飞走了!
      或：嗖?a，箭飞走了!
Translating Skill (3):
Amplification
Definition of Amplification
       Amplification, also called addition, is a process in which the original has to be translated into Chinese faithfully and smoothly by amplifying some words on the basis of rhetorical and grammatical requirements, and of accurate comprehension of the original as well.
Classification of Amplification
? Lexical Amplification(从词汇上考虑的增词）
? Syntactic Amplification(从句法结构上考虑的增词)
? Rhetorical Amplification(从修辞上考虑的增词）
? Background Amplification(从背景知识上考虑的增词）
1. Lexical Amplification
    This kind of amplification includes: amplification by amplifying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalized words, and the plural forms of nouns. 1.1 Amplifying Verbs
      Tom Canty, born in rags and dirt and misery, what sight is this! 
 译文一：啊，汤姆?¤康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么显赫啊！译文二：汤姆?¤康第原来(who was born)生在可怜巴巴的人家(in misery)，穿得破破烂烂(in rags)，一身邋里邋遢(in dirt)，现在(what sight is this)换了这身装束，啊，是何等气派！

    She felt the flowers were in her fingers, on her lips, growing in her breast.

译文一：她觉得手里和唇上都是花儿，胸中也生长着花儿。译文二：她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。

? There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers.

    没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有?°普通中国人?± 挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

? He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.
   他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。

? In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

     晚上,在参加宴会, 出席音乐会, 观看乒乓球表演之后, 他还得起草最后公报。
1. 2 Amplifying Nouns

1.2.1  Amplifying after abstract nouns

? The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention of the world.
   中东的紧张局势已经引起了全世界的注意。

? Several shortages of food surfaced in many world areas in the early 1970s.
   20世纪70年代早期，世界上许多地区出现了粮食严重短缺的现象。

togetherness 集体感        necessity 必要性
readability 可读性       correctness 正确性
assimilation 同化作用     infiltration  渗透作用
allergy 过敏反应       madness  疯狂行为 modernization 现代化      commercialization 商业化 alienation 异化现象       indifference 冷漠态度
relativity 相对论        transformation 转化过程
darkness 漆黑一团         preparation 准备工作
remedy  补救方法        precaution 预防措施 muddledness混沌状态    backwardness  落后状态
segregation 隔离政策/隔离措施  
lightheartedness 轻松愉快的心境
1.2.2  Amplifying after concrete nouns

? He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
   他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。

? He felt the patriot rise within his breast.
   他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

1.2.3  Amplifying before adjectives

? He is a complicated man -- moody,  mercurial, with a melancholy streak.
  他是一个性格复杂的人--喜怒无常，反复多变，有些郁郁寡欢。

? Cowboys had to be skilful and strong. They had to be skilled horsemen and good gunmen.
   牛仔们必须技术精湛，身体强健。他们必须是骑术熟练的马夫和枪法高超的猎手。

1.2.4  Amplifying after intransitive verbs
 
? Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia.
   玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，就靠洗衣服维持生活。

? Steel and iron products are often coated
   lest they should rust.
   钢铁制品经常涂上一层漆防止生锈。
1.3 Amplifying Adjectives
? The price of food is soaring. 

? He doubtlessly expected hugs, tablefuls of food, tears, laughter, and conversation followed by more conversation, then hugs and more hugs all over again, without end.
    毫无疑问，他以为会有热烈的拥抱，满桌的食物，激动的泪水，欢乐的笑声，一段接一段的谈话，一次又一次的拥抱，没完没了。
1.4 Amplifying Generalized Words
? Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.
   与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。

? CPC and KMT arrived at an agreement to counterattack the Japanese invaders together.
   国共两党达成一致共同抵抗日本侵略者。
 
? China, the United States, England and France are members of the UN Security Council.
   中美英法四国是联合国安理会成员国。

1.5 Amplifying Adverbs
? The crowds melted away.
   人群渐渐地散开了。

? As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.
   他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
1.6 Amplifying Category Words
? I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
   我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

?  A red sun rose thinly from the calm sea.
    一轮红日从平静的海面淡淡升起。

?  A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.
     一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。
1.7 Amplifying Words Indicating Plural Form
1.7.1  Amplifying Reiterative Locution
          (增加重叠词表复数)

?  All roads lead to Rome.

?  I saw bubbles rising from under the water.

1.7.2  Amplifying Numeral and Other Words
          (增加数词或其他词表示复数)

? The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

? The lion is the king of animals.

? In spite of the difficulties, we succeeded in finishing the task.
1.8 Amplifying Words Indicating Verb Tense (增加表达时态的词)

      英语时态是靠动词的词形变化或助词来体现的。汉语中的动词没有时态的变化，要表达时态就必须靠时态助词和一些表示时间的词。所以，在表达过去的概念时往往加上曾、已经、过、了等字眼在表达进行时态时往往用在、正在、着等字眼在表达将来时态时往往用将、就、要、会、便等字眼。此外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往增加一些其他的词。
1.8.1 Emphasize a Certain Time
(强调某种时间概念)
? I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
   我原来从未想过发现自己不受重视我会感到高兴，但这次我确实觉得高兴。
? He is the son of a wealthy family，but he seems to have come down in the world.
   他是个富家子弟，但看起来生活水准已经大大降低了。
1.8.2 Emphasize the Contrast of Time
(强调强调时间上的对比)
? Man，was, is and always will be trying to improving his living conditions.
   人们过去，现在，将来一直会为提高生活水平而努力。

? It was said that his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.
   据说从前他父亲是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。"
2  Syntactic Amplification
        Omission is very frequently used in English for rhetorical or syntactical purposes. When we translate English sentences with omission into Chinese, we have to supply in the target text what has been omitted in the SL text. Otherwise, the meaning in the TL text would be neither complete nor smooth or idiomatic.
2.1 Supplying Omitted Words
? Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.
   读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善变。

? Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.
   物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。

? We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.
   我们不会后退，我们从来没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

? When the owner noticed me, I said I was working until he hired me. He did.
   当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我，他雇了我。
   ? Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
   勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。

? “Nothing but a pony?" My father asked.   “Nothing，”I said.
2.2 Supplying Transitional Words or Conjunctions    (增补表示逻辑关系的词语)

      有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如转折、假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词。英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词出现，而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词大都是成对出现。因此，在将英语译成汉语时，应将汉语的连词补充完整。如:if…，…如果，…那么…because因为……，所以; although虽然…，但是; unless…除非，……否则…

? The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
   即便是最强壮的人也不能改变自然法则。

? Heated, water will change into vapor.
   水如受热，就会汽化。

? According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.
   根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。

? Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected？
   如果对自己的错误都不认识，怎么能悔恨和改正呢？

?  Although they are poor they are happy.
    虽然他们贫穷，但他们快乐。
3  Rhetorical Amplification
    汉语中的语气助词很多，如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “嘛”、“吗” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以表示不同的含义。在英译汉时，增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含义和修辞色彩。另外，为了使译文更加生动通顺，译者也可以增加无损原意的四字词组，四字对偶词组和叠词。
3.1 Amplifying Mood Auxiliary Word      (增加语气助词）
? Don’t take it seriously. It’s only a joke. 
   只不过开个玩笑罢了。

? As I snooze she talks – of anything, everything, all the things that women talk of: books, music, dress, men, other women.
   我打盹的时候她在讲话，任何事情，每一件事情，所有女人谈论的东西，书呀，音乐呀，服装啊，男人啊，其他女人啊。

? And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him.
   她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。

? Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.
他们的主人,（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。
3.2  Supplying Four-word Phrase ( 增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词)
? These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
   这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。

? Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.    
   欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。

? Cowboys had to be skilful and strong. They had to be skilled horsemen and good gunmen. 
   技术精湛                身体强健   
   骑术熟练的马夫     枪法高超的猎手

? Day after day she came to her work--sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. 
   (打)扫房间，（擦）洗地板，（清）洗衣服

? Background Amplification
(从背景知识上考虑的增词）

      原文中在小语境或大语境的映衬下，无需表达出来，或表达不明朗的地方，翻译时可根据需要，把潜在的意思表达出来，以提高译文的可读性。

?  (So when, at 17, Marjorie fell in love with a poor medical student, the aunt promptly arranged to take her niece abroad.) In the ’90s, that was still standard techniques. (The young lady could cool her ardor amid the Alpine snows of a Swiss finishing school.) 
   在十九世纪末，这仍是拆散爱侣的典型方法。

? Those unfortunate and well-educated women made themselves heard from the neighboring drawing-room, where they were thrumming away, with hard fingers, an elaborate music-piece on the piano forte, as their mother spoke; and indeed they were at music, or at backboard, or at geography, or at history, the whole day long.  
   妈妈在这边说话，就听得那几个有教养的倒霉鬼儿在隔壁里练琴，手指又硬，弹的曲子又难。她们整体不是练琴，就是读地理，念历史，或是系上背板纠正姿势。

? 我看她头上已硬挠挠的挽了个髻，便大嫂长大嫂短的向她道歉，说刚才这个同志来，说话不好别见怪等等。

   Since she had done her hair like a married woman, I addressed her as elder sister-in-law, apologizing if the messenger had said anything to annoy her.

? “小名难听死了。我在家顶小，我娘就叫我个幺儿。”

   “An awful name. I was the last child born, so my mother called me Yao’er which means the youngest.”

?Omission
      减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。

一、 从语法角度进行减省
    ? Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 
  冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。

   ? John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.

    约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。

? The city has a dense manufacturing population.
   这个城市工业人口稠密。

? The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.
    产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。

? As it is late, let us go to bed.
   不早啦，睡吧！

? But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow.

但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。
二、从修饰角度进行减省 

     ?  I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.
   我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止--想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。

? Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.
   她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。

? University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
   有工作经验的报考大学优先录取。