1           句内关系的翻译

1.1          并列复句

1.1.1     并列关系

既……也 and

既不……也不 neither… nor; not…, nor

也就是说 which means…; in other words; that is to say

1.1.2     连贯关系

接着/然后/于是/便/又 and (then)

刚/一……就 as soon as; hardly /scarcely (had)… when; no sooner… than

1.1.3     递进关系

不但……而且；不仅……还 not only… but also; as well as

1.1.4     选择关系

或者……或者；要么……要么；是……还是；不是……就是 (either)…or

宁可……也不 would rather… than; rather than

与其……不如 better… than

1.2          主从复句

1.2.1     转折关系

虽然……但是；尽管……可是；然而；只是；就是；不过

but, though, although, only (that), adj.+as+subject+be

1.2.2     假设关系

如果/要是/假若/倘使……就 if; hyperbatic clause (从句倒装)

要是没有 only for, but for; without

即使/哪怕/纵然/就算……也 even if

1.2.3     条件关系

只有……才 only… if; must… before

要不是/若非 only that

只要……就 as /so long as; if only

除非……才 unless

越……越 the more… the more

不管……都 no matter how / what / when / why / where / who; whoever / whatever / whenever / however / wherever

1.2.4     因果关系

（因为）……所以；（由于）……因而；以致；致使

because, as, for, since, by reason of /that, for reasons of; owing to/ due to the fact that, in that

so, and therefore, hence, so that, thus

如此……以至于 so /such… that

1.2.5     目的关系

以便……，好……，为了，以利于：

so that, in order that /to, so as to, with the aim of, for /with the purpose of

以免，免得，省得：

in case, lest, so as / in order not to

1.3          Exercises

1)      早期的电影是无声的，你既听不到演员的对话，也听不到动作所发出的响声。

The early film were silent; you could neither hear the dialogues between characters, nor the sounds and noises made by actions.

The early films were silent; you could not hear the dialogues between characters, nor the sounds and noises made by actions.

2)      计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。

Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found.

3)      不但树林能为野生动物提供栖息之所，而且野生动物也能使树木茂盛起来。

Not only can a forest provide a home for wildlife, but wildlife can in turn make the trees and plants flourish.

4)      这位作者尽管了不起，到头来却成了年轻人的坏榜样。

Great as the author was, he proved a bad model for the young people.

5)      即使哥伦布没有发现美洲大陆，别人早晚也会发现的。

Even if Columbus had not discovered the continent of America, somebody else would have discovered it sooner or later.

6)      只有播种才有收获。 One must sow before he can reap.

7)      中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，因而注定要在国际事务中发挥决定性的作用。

China, which abounds in material and spiritual resources, is destined to play a decisive role in international affairs.

8)      他计划组织一次讲座，好让我们对美国的金融市场体系有个大概的了解。

He is planning to organize a lecture that will provide us with a general idea of the US financial market system.

9)      我得顺着她免得她生气。 I’d better obey her lest she (should) be angry.

10)   要不是我有病，我倒是很想去。 I should like to go, only (that) I am ill.

 

2           否定意义的翻译

2.1          否定的表现形式

中文的否定意义通常必须通过不、否、非、未、无、没有等字或词来体现；而英文中表示否定可借助两种方法，一是借助词汇，二是借助结构和表达方式。

1)      含否定意义的词汇：

A. 完全否定

否定副词：not, no, nor, neither, never, none, etc.

含否定意义的副词：otherwise, no longer, etc.

含否定意义的连词：unless, before, until, rather than, or, etc.

含否定意义的介词： without, above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of, anything but, etc.

含否定意义的词素：no-, dis-, nor-, in-, -less, etc.

含否定意义的动词：fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, overlook, exclude, withhold, refrain from, prevent from, etc.

含否定意义的名次：absence, omission, failure, refusal, lack, ignorance, neglect, exclusion, denial, scarcity, etc.

含否定意义的形容词：missing, ignorant, free from, far from, safe from, short of, blind to, deaf to, dead to, etc.

 

B. 部分否定：few, little, seldom, hardly, barely, scarcely, rarely, almost no / not

C. 双重否定：no doubt, no wonder, nothing but, nothing more than, no/not… without, not… beyond, etc.

2)      含否定意义的结构：

A. 比较结构

More… than… can, more … than …, … other than…, rather than…, would rather…than…, know better than to do sth., all… not…, both… not, not… because…,

B. 迂回说法：the last, the least, the limit, above, beneath, beyond, too…to

C. 感叹或赌咒

2.2          练习

1)      在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。

Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.

2)      他决不会说出这样的话。He is the last man to say such things.

3)      他们工作时总是互相帮助。They never work without helping each other.

4)      这两台仪器并不都是精密的。Both the instruments are not precision ones.

5)      在这些电路中没有发现任何缺陷。No defects have been found in these circuits.

6)      两个月过去了，但她烧伤的手臂却仍不见复原的迹象。

Two months had passed, but her burnt arm showed no sign of healing.

7)      在任何情况下，中国都不会第一个使用核武器。

Under no circumstances should China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

8)      我相信他们是不会反对你的建议的。

I don’t believe that they will oppose your proposal.

9)      所有机器在运转时都要损失能量。

There is no machine but will lose energy when in motion.

10)   说什么我也不去。I’ll be damned if I go.

 

3           Homework

1.         这两个国家不是用战争，而是以和平友好的方式解决了争端。

2.         在图书馆里，读者不但可以读到普通期刊，而且可以读到一些内部期刊。

3.         对于比细菌小得多的病毒，人们了解得并不多。

4.         我们一定要努力工作，不辜负全国人民对我们的期望。

5.         希望是依附于存在的，有存在，便有希望，有希望便有光明。

6.         因此可以说，政治是不流血的战争，战争是流血的政治。

7.         武汉是长江中游地区的特大城市，是湖北省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。

8.         我不是不懂，是不想说。

9.         满屋子都是烟，连他衣服上都是烟味。

10.     那年月，有钱人是天天过年。

11.     这是厂长同意了的。

12.     这件毛衣好是好，可就是太贵。

13.     你最好搞清楚，小孩就是小孩，别充大人！

14.     但凡是重活，他都抢着干。

15.     是人，就会犯错误。

16.     这个病人的死，毫无疑问是医生的治疗不当造成的。

1.       Instead of taking up weapons, the two countries solved their conflict in a peaceful and friendly way.

2.       The readers can read not only the general periodicals, but also some internal journals, in the library.

3.       People don’t know much about the viruses, which is much smaller than bacteria.

4.       We should work hard, in order not to disappoint the whole nation’s expectations on us.

(2) We must work hard, and not disappoint the whole nation’s expectations on us.

         5.Hope depends on existence, with existence, there is hope, and with hope, there is brightness.

6.That is to say, politics is a bloodless war, and the war is bloody politics.

7. WuHan is the mega city in Yangtze midstream area. It is the political, economical, cultural, scientific center in HuBei province.

8.I do know, but I just don’t want to say.

9. The room was filled with smoke; even his clothes have the very smell.

10. At that time, every day is the New Year for the riches.

11.It was approved by the manager.

12 Good as the sweater is, it is too expensive.

13.You’d better make it clear that children are always children, don’t act as adults.

14.No matter what hard work is, he will rush to do it.

15 People will make mistakes as well as they are human beings.

16 Without any doubt, the patient’s death was caused by improper treatment of the doctor.