果岭设计

By John Lafoy, ASGCA Past President
作者：约翰 拉弗瑞 美国高尔夫球场设计师协会前主席

翻译：张旭

Consider All Golfers
考虑所有球手

While working in the preliminary stage, the designer will also have to consider that many of the golfers will not be able to execute the preferred shot to a particular green.  Alternate routes are always a good idea.  Island greens and forced carries may sometimes be appropriate, but whenever possible, you should give the high handicap player a chance to play the hole.
在初期工作的时候，设计师也要考虑到多数球手没法对一个特殊的果岭使用其喜欢的打法。交替的线路通常是个好主意。岛果岭和远射或许有时候也合理，但是无论什么时候有机会，设计师应该给高差点球手打一个洞的机会。

Diagonally oriented greens, with proper bunker placement, can offer great flagstick placements behind bunkers; yet still afford a run-up shot to the putting surface.  The run-up shot may be more difficult or impossible to get close to the flagstick, as the preferred shot should be rewarded, when possible.
对角形的果岭，加上布置合理的沙坑，能在沙坑后面布置很棒的洞杯；还可以让击低近球上果岭。低近球这一击或许更难接近果岭，因为首先的一击更可能得到奖励。

Continuing that same philosophy, many designers feel that it is always to give players a "bail out" area around the green complex where possible.  However, if a player "bails out,” they should not be rewarded with a better birdie opportunity than the player who hit the riskier shot.  This is an easy concept to understand, but may not be so easy to execute for someone who has never designed greens.  Again, experience pays off.
继续前面的原理，许多设计师觉得在果岭周边给球手一个避免麻烦的区域。然而，如果一个球手选择了保守的打法，那他就不能得到奖励了；因为选择冒险性的打法会有更好的机会拿Birdie。这个概念很好理解，但是一个人若是从来没有设计过果岭，这就不好做。其实，还是经验。

Playability is Key
可打性才是关键

Green contouring is about as individual as fingerprints.  However, all successful greens must have one thing in common.  They must be playable.  We have all encountered putting surfaces that are marginal, and probably even unplayable, but those are the exception rather than the rule.  While some skilled designers prefer to put most of their movement within the putting surface proper, others like to incorporate the movement on the perimeter of the surfaces and run it onto the surfaces.  An example of this would be carefully placing mounds around the perimeter of the green and tailing the mounds onto the putting surface.  By doing this, you create some very interesting contours without using up too much of the cuppable area within the putting surface.  These "tailing mounds" are also very helpful in segmenting the cupping areas.  An ideal green may be a three lobed configuration with a "tailing mound" separating each cupping area.  Each cupping area should offer six or seven cup placements.  Balls stopping within the appropriate segment should offer a relatively easy putt within fifteen or twenty feet.  Balls stopping on the edge of the green or in a different segment of the putting surface may require a double break or putting over a mound.  Nothing impossible, but a more challenging putt.
果岭的等高线如同指纹一样。然而，所有的果岭必须有一个共同点 – 可打性。我们都遇到过苍白的果岭，很可能都没什么意思，但这都是些例外而不是常规。当然有些熟练的设计师喜欢将他们的起伏很好的融入到推杆面里面，有些设计师喜欢结合果岭周边的起伏，然后将其延伸到果岭里面。这种设计的例子就是要小心的再果岭周边布置山包，然后将起伏拖到推杆果岭里面。这么做以来，你在果岭创造了一些非常有趣的起伏，而不用在太多的上坡区域布置洞杯。一个理想的果岭通常是三瓣刚好由一条山尾巴分开各个洞杯区域。每个洞杯区域应该有6-7个洞杯。当球停在一个合理的瓣形区域中，推杆应相对比较容易，推杆距离在15-20英尺以内。当球停在果岭边或者一块比较难推的区域里面，或许要求推两杆或者要越过一个小山包。没有什么不可能，但这一推确实富有挑战性。

Multiple-level greens have their place and are quite effective when used properly.  They are best used to counteract a green site that slopes excessively from back to front.  A multi-level green used here eliminates building a putting surface that slopes so severely that players cannot stop a ball close to the cup on downhill putts.  It also keeps you from building a one level green where the front is built up so high that it looks completely un-natural.  The secret to building a functional multi-level green is in the transition between the platforms.  Many of the older multi-level greens use way too much of the putting surface in the transition between levels.  It is not unusual to see as much as a third or half of a green un-cuppable due to the transition slope.
多层果岭有其地位，同时用的好会让人印象深刻。这种果岭通常是为了抵消果岭从后到前巨大的坡度。用到这里的果岭时为了防止果岭里面太陡，防止球手在推下坡的时候无法让球停在洞杯周边。这也防止了你建造一个前面抬高的果岭，那样看起来会非常不自然。建造一个功能化的多层果岭的秘密就是平台之间的过度。许多老的多层果岭内部平台之间的转换方式太多了。经常可以看到由于过渡坡而导致三分之一或者一半的果岭无法放洞杯。

It is critical, during the initial grading of a multi-level green, to over exaggerate the slope between the two levels.  It is also critical that the slope between the levels be flat and not convex or humped.  As the green is built up with the various rock and top mix layers, the slope begins to mellow.  What was previously a severe slope is now much more acceptable.
在一个多层果岭初始形状时，要避免两层之间过分夸张小坡。另外，两层之间平缓不突兀也是至关重要的。由于果岭是建造在碎石层和果岭混合物之上，坡度慢慢就变得松软了。之前很大的坡度现在就变得易于让人接受了。

After the top mix has been installed, the designer should work with the superintendent to determine the final contouring, so as to avoid scalping the crown when grass is established.
果岭混合物铺上厚，设计师要和草坪总监一起决定最终的形状起伏，以避免在草长好后降低隆起的部分。

One final tip: When fine grading the sub-surface or putting the final float on the top mix, do not "work" the slope from one level to the next.  Work the top and bottom decks like they were separate greens, leaving the slope crisp, and on the last few passes, tie the slope in.
最后的忠告：在清理果岭基坑的时候，不要从一层向下一层清理斜坡。分别清理上面和下面的两层，就认为他们是两个果岭；留下衔接两层的斜坡，最后的时候将其接顺。