Green Design
果岭设计

By John Lafoy, ASGCA Past President
作者：约翰 拉弗瑞 美国高尔夫球场设计师协会前主席

翻译：张旭

Explaining how to design a green complex is much like an artist trying to explain how to paint a portrait.  Technically, it may be easy, but doing it is another story.  The curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art once told a professional duck decoy carver that he was the first artist since John Audubon who had the ability to capture something in his bird carvings that no one else could achieve.  It would be a safe bet that this artist could not explain what he did differently than other carvers.  Even if he could, it would not mean that anyone else could do it.  A USGA Green Section Representative once asked an architect how he knew when to elevate a green.  The architect responded, "I don't know; I just do."  That was as good an answer as any.  He might have just said "experience," although all the experience in the world may not translate in the ability to design greens or carve ducks.
解释来如何设计果岭及周边就很像一位艺术家试图讲解怎么来画肖像画。说起来很容易，但真正做起来就不是那么回事了。纽约大都会艺术博物馆的馆长曾经告诉过一位职业的诱饵鸭雕刻师，他是继约翰奥杜邦之后，第一位有能力雕刻迷惑禽类艺术品的艺术家。估计是这位艺术家不会解释他与其他雕刻家的不同之处吧。美国高协果岭部的一位代表曾经问一个设计师，你怎么知道何时该抬高果岭。设计师回答道，“我不知道，我就是做而已”。不管怎么说，这是一个好答案。他或许也可以说是“经验”，然而，全世界所有的经验或许也转变不成设计果岭或雕刻禽类的能力。

We have all seen enough films and presentations to know how to build a USGA green.  Technically, it is quite straight forward, and quite frankly, there is no excuse for not being able to build a green complex properly.  If that is the case, then the construction part is the easy part.  It may be of some interest to seminar participants to know what thought process many architects go through in designing or re-designing an existing greens complex.  The word "green complex" is used, because it includes the putting surface, greenside bunkers and grass hollows, and slopes and shoulders.  Keep in mind that every architect may have a little different thought process and the following is that of the author.
我们已经看过了太多如何建造果岭的影片和报告。从技术上讲，这种最为直接明了的方法，没有理由去做一个不适合的果岭。如果是这样，那建造部分就很简单了。让参加研讨的与会者去了解多数设计师在设计果岭或者改造果岭如何思考的，或许是件有趣的事情。用“Green complex”这个词，是因为其包括了推杆果岭面，果岭边的沙坑和草坑，斜坡和起伏。请记住每个设计师的想法或许都有些不同，以下的仅是作者的观点。      

First, when looking at a set of existing greens, look for those complexes that have redeeming qualities from both and aesthetic and playability standpoint.  You probably are already aware that the greens are experiencing turf problems, so it is a forgone conclusion that they need to be rebuilt from an agronomic standpoint.  For the sake of this exercise, we will also assume that this course is not a historic course, where we will put the greens back, as is.
首先，在我们看一组现有果岭的时候，期望这些果岭区域可以从美学和可打性的质量上重新挽回声誉。你可能已经注意到果岭已经有了草坪问题，那么先暂且不说果岭是因为农艺原因而需要改造的。为了练习起见，我们也假设这不是一个想将果岭复原的老球场。

At first you will make mental notes to formulate what a possible course of action will be.  You may want to look at the following:
首先，你需要心里构想出其将是一个什么样的球场。你或许想看以下内容：

Bunkers - Are they attractive?  Is there any variety in their placement?  All too often, and many clubs do not realize it until pointed out, you go from hole to hole and see a round green with bunker left and bunker right, bunker left, bunker right, bunker left, bunker right, and so on.  Very little variety.  There is also a good chance that they have lost their shape and sand has built up on the lower margins (the author has witnessed sand build up of 36") or has made the greenside margins too droughty to support grass.
沙坑 – 其是否具有吸引力？其布置是否赋予变化？很多球会的沙坑都很平常，没指出来这点之前，他们还没有意识到。一个个洞去看一组果岭，不是沙坑在左边就是沙坑在右边，就这么地。缺乏多样性。也可能是碰巧沙坑的造型变化了，沙坑沙已经在低的一边堆了出来（作者曾经看到过有些沙铺了36英寸），让果岭边的空白处过于干燥而难以长草。

Putting - Is there any variety in the green shapes, or are all the surfaces round?  Are there flagstick locations available behind bunkers?  It is very rare that I look at a set of old green plans where all of the greens were designed round.  However, after a number of years of routine maintenance, they all wind up round. All too often there is just too little variety or flexibility on the putting surfaces.
推杆面- 果岭造型是否富于变化，还有果岭面的周边起伏？沙坑的后面是否有可以插旗杆的位置?我很少看到一组老果岭图将果岭都设计成圆形的。然而，经过长期的例行养护，其慢慢都变圆了。所有的果岭面都过于普通，缺乏变化和灵活性。

It is also not unusual to find older courses with green slopes that are no longer acceptable when mowed to modern standards.  Greens surfaces that were designed for Common Bermuda grass are just not going to be very playable when planted with Bent grass and mowed at an eighth of an inch.
按照今天剪草标准，不难发现老球场的边坡都是接受不了的。为普通百慕大草而设计的果岭，在种上剪股颖并剪到八分之一英寸的时候，其将不是很有可玩性。

Size - Is a green designed for 5,000 rounds of golf annually going to continue to support 30,000 or more rounds?  How do you keep the character of an older course and dramatically enlarge the putting surfaces?  When done properly, it is feasible to enlarge putting surfaces without making them appear too large.   
大小 – 一个果岭是设计为每年5000次比赛，还是能打30000次比赛，或是更多？你如何保持老球场的特点，并引人注目的增大果岭推杆面？当做法合适的时候，不用将果岭面积做的很大就可以轻易地将果岭推杆面增大。

Surrounds - Are the slopes around the putting surface too severe?  Are the walk-ups between the bunkers too narrow, causing undue wear?  Are there any chipping areas?  All too often, designers compromise design due to traffic flow from the cart path to the putting surface.  You might conclude that there should be no bunkers between the cart path and the putting surface.  Unfortunately, that would mean designing a golf course based on the cart path location.  Certainly there are designs that call for bunkers between the cart path and green and we should be careful not to over balance maintenance concerns with design criteria.
果岭周边 – 果岭周边的坡度是否很陡？沙坑之间的通行道是否太窄，造成过多的践踏？有没有切杆的区域？设计师常常要因为从球车路到推杆果岭的人流而妥协其设计。你或许也会得出沙坑和球车路之间应该没有沙坑的结论。如果照上面这么说，那这就意味着球场是基于球车路而建造的。当然也有设计，其将沙坑放在球车路和果岭之间。我们也应该小心，权衡养护问题时，设计标准不要太高。

After making your initial assessment of the greens, many architects will survey and cross section the complex in order to make base sheets for the proposed renovations.  The survey is useful for several reasons.  First, it will accurately show you the size of the existing greens.  You can almost be sure that the greens are not as large as the course owner or superintendent think.  That is true in almost every case.  Secondly, it is indispensable when doing the design work.  An experienced designer can re-design green complexes by balancing the dirt that is already there.  It may not make a lot of sense, on many occasions, to be hauling a bunch of fill dirt to a green site when it is not needed.  Additional construction traffic around the course just adds to the damage.
在对你的果岭进行了初期评估之后，许多设计师会测量果岭及周边，以便给改造设计做底图。这种测量有以下几个好处。第一，准确告诉你现有果岭的面积。你可以确定果岭并不是如业主或者草坪总监想的那么大。几乎每个例子都是这样。第二，在做设计的时候，测量是不能少的。所有有经验的设计师都可以根据平衡现有的土方来重新设计果岭。许多情况下，给果岭上面拉一大堆不需要的土，就没什么意义。球场周边额外增加的工程车辆对球场并没有什么好处。

After completing the base maps showing the existing green complex, most architects will discuss the new greens with their client and the course superintendent.  The designer may want to know which of the existing greens the members/players like.  This may not only have an effect on which greens remain similar, but it gives the designer an idea what the membership likes.  You may also ask which greens the members do not like, so you know what to avoid.  After some initial meetings, it is time to start some preliminary sketches.
得到显示了现有果岭及周边的地形底图之后，多数设计师将会和业主、草坪总监讨论其新的果岭。设计师或许想知道现有的那些果岭，会员和球手比较喜欢。这不仅影响了那些果岭会保留，而且还告诉了设计师会员喜欢什么。你或许也会问那些果岭会员不喜欢，那样你就知道你应该避免什么。在几次初期的会议之后，是该到画些初步的草图的时候了。

Every architect probably has a different way of starting their preliminary design, but many find it useful to view the green complexes from the landing area to visualize what the new green will look like.  Of course, with the base map in hand, showing the topography of the existing green complex, the proposed green should fit into the natural flow of the ground.  An experienced designer will make the new green fit in with the site.  As the designer looks at each individual green site, he/she may also want to mentally access whether or not too many of the greens are being oriented for the same type of golf shot.  In other words, do fifteen of the eighteen greens favor a draw or a fade?  A good designer should try and balance the design so that no one golfer consistently has the advantage.
每个设计师开始起初始设计的方法都是不一样的，但是很多人都是站在落球区看现有果岭，然后勾画出新果岭应该是什么样的。当然，手里面有地形图，现有果岭的测量地形图，新设计的果岭应该和周边的地形自然地结合起来。一位富有经验的设计师会将新果岭很好的融入到场地当中。在设计师看每个独立果岭的时候，他也在心里确定是否太多的果岭布置后，都要面临相同的一击。换句话说，18个果岭中的15个是有利于保par还是不利于保par？一位好的设计师应该平衡其设计，这样就没有球手可以一直保持优势。