Outline

Kluckhohn and Strodtback’s value orientation

The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck, after examining hundreds of cultures, reached the conclusion that people turn to their culture for answers to the following questions. (1) What is the character of human nature? (2) What is the relation of humankind to nature? (3) What is the orientation toward time? (4)What is the value placed on activity? And (5) What is the relationship of people to each other? The answers to these crucial questions serve as the bases for the five value orientations that are at the heart of their approach. These five orientations might best be visualized as points on a continuum. As you move through these five orientations, you will undoubtedly notice some of the same characteristics discussed by Hofstede. This is very understandable because both approaches are talking about meaningful values found in all cultures. Hence, both sets of researchers were bound to track many of the same patterns.

Human Nature Orientation

1.       evil

2.       evil and good

3.       good

Relationship of Humankind to Nature

1.       human beings are subject to nature

2.       cooperation view

3.       conquer and direct the forces of nature

Time Orientation

1. past-orientated

2. present-orientated

3. future-orientated

Activity Orientation

1.       being orientation

2.       Being-in-becoming orientation

3.       doing orientation

Relational (social)orientation

1.       authoritarian culture

2.       collective culture

3.       individual culture