“转义”在胸,翻译添翼 (II)【翻译思考】【418晨】
(2010-04-18 08:31:43)
标签:
翻译思考文化 |
分类: 美哉英语 |
一旦英语词汇转义的资源得以开发,汉译英之译文质量将有质的飞跃。-- 此言不虚。
笔者就读复旦时,老师嘱翻译此句:汤姆正在为他的锯子锉齿。“锉齿”二字让我们锁眉。不料,老师提供的译文竟是:Tom now is
toothing his saw.
tooth者,名词“牙齿”也。这里用作动词,用其转义,竟作“锉齿”解。茅塞顿开!“山穷水尽”时,用单词之转义,竟化难为易。
另如:
1/ 老人将手掌拢在耳朵后面(以便听得更清晰一点)。
2/ 谁来给这只兔子剥皮?
3/ 他们路遇系主任时,脱帽以示敬意。
4/ 一条窄径在林中蜿蜒向前。
英译以上四句,也许你会犯难。勿急,使用转义,你会走出困顿。
1/ The old man capped a hand behind one ear.
2/ Who is going to skin the rabbit?
3/ They cap when they pass the dean.
4/ A narrow trail snakes between the trees.
cap / skin / cap / snake四个单词再简单不过了,用在此地,不仅化难为易,而且译文生色。
巧用转义,能“化难为易”外,尚能令翻译简洁形象。如:
5/ 你的孩子是男的还是女的?
Is your baby a he or a she?
6/ 约翰从口袋中摸出一枚硬币。
John fished a coin from his pocket.
转义词的运用,或许还能增加译文的文采。如:
7/ 男孩生病期间,这位老妇人悉心照顾他。
原译:The old lady took good care of the boy when he was ill.
改译:The old lady mothered him during his illness.
又如:
8/ 调查证明他是这个婴儿的生父。
原译:After the investigation, they decided that he was the father of
the baby.
改译:Investigation fathered the baby on him.
以上两句改译的动词谓语mother /
father原系名词,现用作动词,且用其转义,mother意即“母亲般地照料”;father的含义则是“(证明)是其父亲”。
转义即修辞。转义含引申义及比喻义。所谓“比喻义”,即暗示了其修辞功能。然而,“转义”之修辞功能又大于“比喻”,它还具有拟人、夸张等等功能。如:
9/ 这些健康的少女,貌美如花。
The girls are blooming with health and beauty.
10/ 轻风掠过树梢。
A soft wind kissed the treetop.
11/ 食品价格飞涨。
The price of food is soaring.
再读以下译例:
奏出刺耳的音调 → play a sour note(味觉 → 听觉)
烦躁的表情 → sour expression(味觉 → 视觉)
他开始对这工作开始感到乏味。
The job began to grow sour on him. (味觉 → 感觉)
一个sour,原系形容词,意思是“有酸味的”,是味觉词,现用其转义,用于听觉、视觉和感觉,别出心裁!如此转移,有一个术语,叫“通感”。此术语虽古已有之,但直至20世纪60年代,这一术语才由钱鍾书先生从西方引进,译为“联觉”,便在学界风行起来。“联觉”(英语synaesthesia,美语拼作synesthesia),与转义联姻,英语的转义词又别开生面。其实,汉语亦有此例。朱自清的名篇《荷塘月色》中也有著名的“通感”表达。如:
微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。(嗅觉 → 听觉)
相比之下,汉语单词之转义用于“通感”者,不如英语来得普通。
长话短说,现请品味以下一整段的翻译。
急流冲下了山,像狮子在怒吼。建筑工地也失去了平静,工人们急忙起床,发现自己的脚踩在水里。一百多名工人同时向南奔跑,但是,那里的洪水已经有两英尺深,浊浪翻滚,工人们只得在混乱中半途而返。东面和西面也没有退路,唯一的出路是北面的一条狭窄的木桥。
译文:
Torrents of water rushed down the mountain, roaring like an angry
lion. The construction site awoke, the workmen rolled off their
beds only to step into water. More than 100 thronged southward
simultaneously. But there, floodwater more than two feet deep was
whirling a wild dance, so the workmen had to draw back halfway in
disorder. There was no way out eastward or westward either. The
only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
原文精彩,英译同样精彩。细探其源,转义词的运用功不可没!译文使用的三个词awoke / rolled /
savior,原本寻常词汇。
1/ awoke (vi.): to rouse from sleep.
2/ roll (vi.): to move by turning on an axis or over and
over.
3/ savior (n.): a person who saves.
可是,当它们以“转义”的面目出现的时候,全句,乃至全段译文顿时生色。若不活用这些转义词,译文是否有点相形见绌呢?试比较:
a. The construction site awoke.
b. The construction site suddenly became active and noisy.
a. …the workmen rolled off their bed.
b. …the workmen got up very quickly.
a. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the
north.
b. The only way out then was by/through a narrow wooden bridge in
the north.