我决定“借米下锅”,将“理性概述”这个洋溢思维活力的概念借用到翻译上来。
于是,我在《科技英语学习》(月刊)上开设了两年半的“汉译英系列讲座”就以“理性概译:翻译之坦途”一文“收场”(wind
up)。
2
001年,当代最具影响力的美国翻译实践家和理论家奈达(Eugene A.
Nida)在回答上海理工大学张经浩教授的问题时,发表了重要意见。在翻译实践和翻译理论领域“摸爬滚打”了一生的奈达,回首漫漫译途,有感而发,道出了对翻译以及翻译理论终极性的率真感悟,这个感悟和他近年来发表的一系列言论(比如,1997年,奈达应邀来到上海讲学,在讲学的过程中,他一再强调:Translation
is not taught / 翻译不可教)保持了“一致”
对翻译事业孜孜追求了一生的奈达,在垂暮之年,发表如此观点,不仅需要勇气,而且需要求实无私的学术精神。他的一番诤言值得我们深思。
奈达说:
Many
people assume that translating requires considerable training in
linguistics. But this is not true. Some of the best translators
have no training whatsoever in linguistics. Brilliant translators
are often surprised at the manner in which creative solutions seem
to pop into their heads. Such creative translators are the best
examples of the fact that interlingual communication is essentially
a special skill that does not necessarily depend on long years of
training. In many respects creative translating is like portrait
painting and artistic musical performance. Some outstanding
musicians know nothing about the science of harmonics
(和声学), but they know how to play a piano with incredible skill
and new songs and sonatas ( [音]奏鸣曲) seem to pop out of
them, as though they had been stored for years in some deep
recesses of the mind and were finally escaping.
One
important reason for skepticism (怀疑论) about the need for
theories of translation is that some people seem to have a special
gift (天赋) for interlingual communication, and without any
formal training in interlingual communication they become
first-rate translators. They appear to have an exceptional
aptitude(智能;聪明;自然倾向) for effective interlingual
communication, and they simply do not need years of training. In
fact, it is often said that effective translators are born, not
made.
参考译文:
许多人设想翻译需要在语言学方面有相当多的训练。但是,这个设想是错误的。一些最好的译者并没有在语言学方面受过任何训练。才华横溢的译者常常为一些富有创造性的译法从头脑中涌出的现象感到惊诧。这种富有创造活力的译者就是最好的事实例证,两种语言之间的交流,就本质而言,是一种特殊的技巧,这种技巧不一定依赖长期的多年的训练。创造性翻译在很多方面就像绘画和演奏美妙的音乐。一些杰出的音乐家对和声学一无所知,但是,他们知道如何以娴熟的技巧演奏钢琴。新曲和奏鸣曲从他们的手指间自如地演奏出来,好像这些音乐在他们的大脑中贮藏了多年,最后哗哗地流淌出来。
对翻译理论学习的必要性持怀疑论的一个重要理由是,有些人在语际交流方面似乎有特殊的天赋,在语际交流方面,他们没有经过任何正式的训练,却成了顶尖译者。他们好像对成功的语际交流有异常的智能,而无须经年累月的训练。事实上,正如人们常说的,出众的译者是天生的,而非培训而成的。
广东外语外贸大学的曾利沙教授非常适时地提出:化理论为方法、化理论为知识。我举双手赞成(I
can’t agree
more)。我以为,奈达的这段话“化玄乎为平实,变朦胧为清朗”。这里所讲的“有异常的智能”、“天生的”顶尖译者,也并不神秘。如果说,思想是理性概述的精髓,那么,思想也是理性概译的精髓。翻译呼唤思想,思想贫乏者,文字功力再好,也不可能做到像奈达所说的“好像这些音乐在他们的大脑中贮藏了多年,最后哗哗地流淌出来”的译文,译不出具有相当“单位重量”的译文。试比较:
原文:
我从小就对自己没有信心,这是问题的根子。这种情绪使我受到一点点表扬都会感到难为情(shy),使我怎么也说不出一个“不”字。也使我不敢向父母多要一分钱。此外,这种缺乏信心的情况也影响了我对钢琴的热爱。
译文A:
I was
lack in confidence since childhood, which is the root of the
problem. I would feel ashamed even when I was facing a bit praise.
I found myself absolutely unable to say “no”, neither dared I ask
for one cent more than necessary. Besides, lack of confidence
prevented me from learning piano.
译文B:
At the
root of it is my diffidence, by which I have been enslaved since
childhood. It embarrasses me at the mildest flattery, crushes my
utmost efforts to say ‘no’, and prevents me from asking my
parents for one cent more than necessary. Among other things,
diffidence has wormed its way into my love of piano.
所谓理性概译,就是在翻译过程中表现出译者求新求异的思维特征,表现出译者大处着眼,小处着手的风度,表现出译者自如驾驭英汉各自优势的能力。理性概译,决非玩弄抽象玄虚的概念,而是随时可以化成翻译的方法和技巧。比如:
“我从小就对自己没有信心,这是问题的根子”如此汉语表达,译A似乎完美,然而,当我们把眼光投向译B的时候,就会觉得清新的风迎面吹拂。初译者怎么会想到英语动词enslave会在这里被派上用场!
另外,“这种缺乏信心的情况也影响了我对钢琴的热爱”一句的英译,居然用上了wormed
its way into 如此生动的短语!同样,再读译A(lack of confidence
prevented me from learning
piano),就会慨叹那是“守旧”的译文、“求同”的译文。
“笔力雄健”也是可感的。用词的新颖独特,出人意料,可视作“思维”雄健的标志。踏雪无痕般地运用英语词汇的转义,其表达效果却让读者感到砰然心跳!