40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility.

a. whom    b. whomever    c. whoever    d. that

41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he would not step down form his position as chairman.

a. in which    b. where    c. because    d. that

42. ______ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home.

a. Just as    b. Because    c. As long as    d. When as

43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, ______ are shown opposite.

a. two examples of it    b. two examples of which

c. whose two example   d. which two examples

44. ______ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors.

a. Although    b. When    c. Until     d. Ever since

45. ______ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them.

a. Whatever    b. Whichever    c. However    d. What

46. He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.

a. as    b. that    c. for    d. when

47. ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.

a. Until    b. If    c. Unless    d. Provided

48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on ______.

a. what it is trimmed    b. how it trimmed    c. that is trimmed    d. how it is trimmed

49. Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils.

a. which    b. that    c. for which    d. in that

50. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______.

a. when he first introduced    b. that he first introduced it

c. he first introduced         d. which he first introduced it

51. Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just sound.

a. what is the difference    b. the difference is what

c. what the difference is    c. that what the difference

52. Contrary  to ______ I had expected, he lost for a second time.

a. that    b. what    c. which    d. who

53. Professor Smith was so punctual ______, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang.

a. that the day he died          b. until the day he died

c. that until the day he died      d. until the day when he died

54. ______ he came to England to study, he didn’t know how to cook.

a. When    b. since     c. Until     d. Unless

55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, ______ he is very hard to deal with.

a. but    b. so    c. so that    d. yet

56. ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mother’s pouch.

a. Until    b. Not until    c. After    d. Only until

57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______ there was storage space for writing materials.

a. under that    b. under which    c. which   d. that

58. I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will forget to pay it back.

a. if    b. whether    c. that    d. of

59. ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.

a. If    b. Unless    c. Until    d. Since

60. ______ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy.

a. When    b. After    c. Although    d. Before

61. Not long after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of telescope ______ mirrors instead of lenses.

a. which used    b. in which he used    c. that he used    d. in that he used

62. _____ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man.

a. Much I admire    b. Much as I admire    c. As much I admire    d. As I admire much

63. I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again.

a. as    be because    c. lest    d. unless

64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs.

a. when there    b. than there    c. than     d. that

65. A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a door.

a. that    b. whose    c. those    d. what

66. I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me.

a. all what    b. all that    c. which    d. all whatever

67. ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school.

a. That    b. What     c. In spite of what    d. Though what

68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______ man has invented.

a. which    b. that    c. as    d. since

69. ______ he performed the task with success.

a. It was expected     b. Which was expected

c. As was expected    d. That was expected

70. The size of the audience, ______ I had expected, was well over ten thousand.

a. which    b. that    c. as    d. whom

71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, ______ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge.

a. as    b. so    c. such    d. once

72. ______ you try, you’ll never lose your English accent.

a. No matter what    b. How hard    c. No matter how hard    d. Whatever hard

73. ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load.

a. Despite    b. Provided    c. Unless    d. Even if

74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, ______.

a. and that shocked the world    b. and which shocked the world

c. this fact shocked the world    d. which shocked the world

75. The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate computers as well.

a. while    b. when    c. as    d. on which

76. This machine is new. ______, it is in excellent condition.

a. Furthermore    b. However    c. Otherwise     d. but

77. This room had but a single window, ______ were kept closed when it was not in use.

a. which its shutters      b. its shutters of which

c. the shutters of which   d. which shutters

78. The old man is no coward; ______ he is a man of high spirits.

a. rather than    b. on the contrary    c. on the other hand    d. at the same time

79. Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are falling.

a. which where and how much    b. where and how

c. where and how              d. where and how much

80. Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4,000 years.

a. and its    b. whose history    c. its history    d. and which

81. They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad.

a. according as    b. as for    c. in as much as    d. as regards

82. The story of his upbringing is shocking ______.

a. to all that read it    b. to all who reads it    c. to all which read it    d. to all who read it

83. You should get the license in two weeks; ______, you’ll have to pay a fine.

a. yet     b. still    c. or    d. consequently

84. I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his destination.

a. then    b. when    c. the moment    d. than

85. He had a large collection of books, ______ are written in foreign languages.

a. many    b. many ones of which    c. many of which     d. many in which

86. The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university.

a. their    b. that    c. whose    d. of whom

87. Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will erupt again.

a. when    b. which    c. is that     d. and when

88. ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness.

a. It is the man    b. What the man    c. That the man    d. The man has

89. ______ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends.

a. During the time that     b. At the moment that

c. In spite of the fact that   d. On the ground that

90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit ______ there is an accident.

a. in case    b. in the event of    c. in condition    d. but that

91. The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.

a. that    b. such that    c. what     d. so that

92. That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man.

a. who he operated    b. that he operated

c. who operated       d. that operated him

93. _____ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer.

a. Complicated though it is    b. Though is it complicated

c. As it is complicated        d. Complicated as it is

94. He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.

a. unless    b. so    b. lest    d. for fear

95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world ______.

a. that he works    b. which he works    c. he works in    c. he works

96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problem ______ can be solved.

a. that    b. as    c. but    d. which

97. ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.

a. Nearly    b. That nearly    c. It is nearly    d. When nearly

98. In the testing period, the students spent ______ much time in the classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject.

a. as, as    b. as, that    c. so, that     d. such, that

99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same ______.

a. like theirs    b. as they     c. as theirs    d. as them

100. The audience, ______ enjoyed the performance.

a. most of them were students    b. most of whom were students

c. whom they were students      d. they were mostly students

101. ______ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger diameters.

a. While    b. If    c. Unless    d. As

102. Mr. Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment, ______ he were late?

a. but what if    b. how about    c. so what    d. and what about

103. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.

a. by which time    b. by the time    c. by that time    d. by some time

104. I have little doubt about his competence; ______ he is well-qualified for the job.

a. although    b. because    c. moreover    d. yet

105. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons.

a. energy that    b. that it is energy    c. it is energy    d. that energy

106. ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces.

a. Danger can be            b. They can be dangerous

c. What can be dangerous     d. While danger

107. ______ these questions may sound academic, answers to them could have profound economic and political significance.

a. Since    b. If    c. While    d. Lest

108. A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth.

a. less the farther it gets     b. the farther it gets

c. less than it gets farther    d. less than it, the farther it gets

109. ______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.

a. That    b. Because    c. Whatever    d. However

110. ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals.

a. That     b. It    c. Which    d. As

111. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.

a. there    b. wherever    c. somewhere    d. anywhere

112. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.

a. upon which to base    b. which to base upon

c. which to be based on   d. to which to be based

113. Twelve is to six ______ two is to one.

a. what     b. which     c. that    d. when

114. ______, she knows French well.

a. A child as she is    b. Child as she is    c. As she is a child     d. The child as she is

115. ______, they could find nobody in the house.

a. As they would search      b. Would as they search

c. Search as they would      d. They would search as

 

21. 情态动词

21.1 情态动词的语法特征

1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。

2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。

3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。

4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

 

21.2 比较can 和be able to

1）can/could 表示能力；可能 （过去时用could）, 只用于现在式和过去式（could）。be able to可以用于各种时态。例如：

They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to的情况：