Contrastive analysis: 对比分析 the comparison of the linguistic systems of two languages, for example the sound system or the grammatical system. Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in the 1950s and 1960s, as an application of Structural Linguistics to language teaching, and is based on the following assumptions指把两种语言的体系进行比较，例如比较语音体系或语法体系。对比分析兴起并流行与二十世纪50和60年代，是结构语言学在语言教学上的应用，它以下列假设为基础：

1．The main difficulties in learning a new language are caused by interference from the first language.学习一门新语言，其主要困难是来自第一语言的干扰（language transfer）

2．These difficulties can be predicted by contrastive analysis.这论难可以通过对比分析来预测。

3．Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis to reduce the effects of interference运用对比分析来编写教材，可以减少干扰的影响。

1970s, it declined and was replaced by Error Analysis

Language transfer 语言移转：the effect of one language on the learning of another. Two types of language transfer may occur. 一种语言对学习另一种语言产生的影响，可能会出现两类语言移转。

Negative transfer, 负向移转also known as interference, is the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an Error or inappropriate form in the Target Language. For example, a French learner of English may produce the incorrect sentence

“I am here since Monday.” Instead of  “ I have been here since Monday.”

Because of the transfer of the French pattern

Je suis ici depuis lundi

负向移转，亦称干扰，是由于套用母语模式或规则而产生的错误或不合适的目的语形式。例如学习英语的法国人会将I have been here since Monday.说成I am here since Monday.因为法语中有Je suis ici depuis lundi

Positive transfer 正向移转is transfer which makes learning easier, and may occur when both the native language and the target language have the same form. For example, both French and English have the word ‘table’, which can have the same meaning in both languages.

正向移转：是指有利于语言学习的移转，在母语与目的语有相同形式时会出现这种情况。例如法语和英语都有table这个单词，且两种语言中意义也相同。

1.1  Error Analysis错误分析

Error analysis: 错误分析the study and analysis of the Errors made by second language learners. Error analysis may be carried our in order to 对第二语言学习者的错误进行分析和研究，进行错误分析可能是为了：

1.      identify strategies which learners use in language learning 搞清学习者语言学习过程采取的策略。

2.      try to identify the causes of learner errors 试图搞清造成学习者错误的原因。

3.      obtain information on common difficulties in language learning, as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.获取有关语言学习者普遍难点的信息，作为教学或准备教学材料的一种辅助方式。

Error analysis developed as a branch of Applied Linguistics in the 1960s, and set out to demonstrate that many learner errors were not due to the learner’s mother tongue but reflected universal learning strategies. Error analysis was therefore offered as an alternative to Contrastive Analysis. 错误分析于20世纪六十年代作为应用语言学的一个分支发展起来，力图证明许多学习者错误不是由于学习者母语影响造成的，而是反映了普遍的学习策略。错误分析因而被作为对比分析的替换方法。

A basic distinction : intralingual errors 语内错误 and interlingual errors语际错误Interlingual errors语际错误: mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical or discoursal etc. 语际错误主要是由于不同层面的跨语言干扰，如音位层、词汇层、语法层或话语层等

Intralingual errors 语内错误mainly result from faulty or partial leaning of the target language, independent of the native language. 语内错误主要是由于对目的语的错误或不完全的学习造成的，它与本族语无关。