1.1.1        Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning句子意义和话语意义

The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.话语的意义是基于句子意义之上的，它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真实的交际场合，或仅在一个语境中体现。

1.2   Speech Act Theory

1.2.1        Austin’s model of speech acts 言语行为模式

两个模式：Two models:

1.      distinction between constatives and performatives 叙事话语和行事话语的区别

2.      locutionary act,言内行为 illocutionary act言外行为，perlocutionary act言后行为

1.      Distinction between constatives and performatives 叙事话语(表述句)和行事话语（施为句）的区别

Constatives: are statements that either state of describe and were thus verifiable.叙事话语指要么用来陈述，要么进行描写的话语，因此是可以证实的。

Perfomatives: are the sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. But they are used by the speaker to do sth.既不是陈述事实也不是描写状态，无法证实，但被说话者用来做事的。

Perfomatives’ features: 施为句的特征：

1. first person, singular subject 第一人称单数做主语

2. simple present tense 一般现在时

3. indicative mood 直陈语气

4. active voice 主动语态

5. performative verbs施为动词