khans for support and were closely linked with Sarai politically and commer-
cially, the metropolitans engaged in relations not only with Sarai but contin-
ued to look to the Patriarch in Constantinople for guidance and support. The
metropolitans’ primary objectivewas not rooted inVladimir, nor did it revolve
around theDaniilovichi; itwas tomaintain the integrity of their see, to prevent
its division in conjunction with changing secular political boundaries.
North-eastern Russia in the mid-fourteenth century
By the middle of the fourteenth century the Daniilovichi had secured the
position of grand prince of Vladimir. With the support of Khan Uzbek they
were able to overcome the princes of Tver’ and Ivan I Kalita had ascended the
Vladimir throne. After both Ivan I and Uzbek died in 1341, Uzbek’s successors,
Tinibek (1341–2), Janibek (1342–57) and Berdibek (1357–9), placed Ivan’s sons
Semen (1341–53) and Ivan II (1353–9) on the throne of Vladimir. In the absence
of firm support from the Church and other branches of the dynasty, which
could have provided domestic sources of legitimacy for their rule, the princes
ofMoscowdepended on the khans of theGoldenHorde to hold their position.
Dynastic reluctance to accept the seniority of theMoscowprinces persisted
during and after the reign of Ivan I Kalita. Despite Uzbek’s preference for
the Daniilovichi, other Riurikid princes, clinging to dynastic tradition, with-
held their support. Thus,when AleksandrMikhailovich appeared before Khan
Uzbek in 1339, the princes of Beloozero and Iaroslavl’ accompanied him. Alek-
sandr was executed during this visit.98
The fate of the Beloozero prince is
unknown. But the prince of Iaroslavl’, Vasilii Davydovich, joined the princes
of Tver’ and Suzdal’ in 1341 to oppose the appointment of Semen Ivanovich
to the grand-princely throne.99
In 1353, Novgorod nominated the same prince
of Suzdal’, Konstantin Vasil’evich, to become grand prince of Vladimir. Khan
Janibek nevertheless granted the patent for the throne to Semen’s brother,
Ivan Ivanovich of Moscow.100
To neutralise his dynastic opponents Ivan I Kalita had arranged marriages
for his daughters with members of their families. He followed the prece-
dent of his brother Iurii who in 1320 had given his daughter in marriage
to Konstantin Mikhailovich, the brother of his rivals Dmitrii and Aleksandr
Mikhailovich of Tver’.101
After Aleksandr fled from Tver’ in 1327 until at least
一五四
1339, Konstantin ruled his principality in harmonywith hiswife’s uncle,Grand
Prince Ivan I Kalita.102
Ivan I, similarly, gave one daughter in marriage to
Prince Konstantin Vasil’evich of Rostov (1328). After the demonstration of
support for Aleksandr of Tver’ by the princes of Iaroslavl’ and Beloozero in
1339, Ivan I arranged for two other daughters tomarry the sons of the offending
princes. By becoming their father-in-law, Ivan I gained personal seniority over
members of those dynastic lines that were most resistant to accepting him as
the senior member of the dynasty.103
In 1347, his son Semen attempted to use
the same technique to increase his influence in Tver’, which after the death
of Prince Konstantin Mikhailovich in 1346 was experiencing inter-princely
feuds and civil strife. ButMetropolitan Feognost refused to sanction the grand
prince’s third marriage. Semen’s marriage to the daughter of the late Prince
Aleksandr Mikhailovich thus took place under the shadow of the Church’s
disapproval.104
Semen and Ivan II were also less successful in the pursuit of the policy
of territorial aggrandisement that their grandfather Daniil, their uncle Iurii
and their father Ivan had fashioned to gain and consolidate their power in
Vladimir. The extension of the Muscovite princes’ authority over patrimonial
principalities and Novgorod had enriched the assets available to them. They
had a broader tax base as well as a larger pool from which to attract military
retainers and courtiers.105
Nevertheless, by the reign of Ivan II, expansion was
checked. The Daniilovichi appeared to have a firm hold on the position of
grand prince of Vladimir.Within their own patrimonial possessions, they kept
to a minimum the internal subdivisions that characterised Rostov and in the
1340s also plaguedTver’. But, the authority of the grand prince ofVladimirwas
sharply delimited in the mid-fourteenth century. Neither his marriage nor his
position of grand prince ofVladimir gave Semen authority over Tver’. Suzdal’,
which with the approval of Khans Uzbek and Janibek merged with Nizhnii
Novgorod to form another grand principality in 1341, similarly continued to
function independently and challenge the primacy of the Daniilovich princes
of Vladimir. Riazan’, which had previously displayed deference to its northern
neighbour, engaged Moscow in a border dispute by challenging Moscow’s
control over the stretch of the Oka River between Kolomna and Serpukhov,
whichMoscow had incorporated early in the fourteenth century. The princes
一五五
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