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71 D.S.Solod to I.V. Samylovskii (Moscow)
COPY:AVP RF, F.0118, OP.2, P.2, D.8, LL.15-26
Beirut, 17 December 1946 1
Secret
To the Director of the Near East Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Comrade I.V.Samylovskii,
On the present position with regard to the solution of the Palestine problem.
I enclose some some papers dealing with developments in the search for a solution to the Palestine problem in the past two months.
In the time that has passed since the London Round Table Conference on Palestine ended,2 the main events have been as follows:
1. The letter sent by US President Truman on 4 October to British Prime Minister Attlee on the most desirable course to adopt regarding the palestine question, 3 and the reaction to this letter.
2. The Zionist organizations' definition of their attitude to the solutionof the Palestine problem, as it has evolved.
3. President Truman's response on 30 October 4 to the letter from the King of Saudi Arabia, Ibn saud. 5
4. The satement of the mufti of Jerusalem Hajj Amin al-Husayni about his attitude towards Great Britain in regard to the Palestine question.
5. The speech made by Soviet delegate Comrade Novikov in the UN General Assembly's Committee No.4 on trusteeship matters.6
注释:
1. The date given here is that of the composition of this document in Beirut and appears at the bottom. At the top, a different date appears--19 Feb. 1947. The registration stamp of the Middle East Department in Moscw testifies to the fact that the document was received on 4 March 1947.
2. See doc.67,n.3.
3. This letter, actually dated 3 October; includes the message the president was about to release the following day on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. The decisive paragraph reads as fillows: ' The British government presented to the conference the so-called Morrison plan for provincial autonomy and stated that the conference was open to other proposals. Meanwhile, the Jewish Agency proposed a solution of the Palestine problem by means of the creation of a viable Jewish state in control of its own immigration and economic policies in an adequate area of Palestine instead of in the whole of Palestine. It proposed furthermore the immediate issuance of certificates for 100,000 Jewish immigrants. This proposal received widespread attention in the United States, both in the press and in public forums. From the discussion which has ensued it is my belief that a solution along these lines would command the support of public opinion in the United States. I cannot believe that the gap between the proposals which have been put forward is too great to be bridged by men of reason and goodwill. To such a solution our government could give its support' (see FRUS, 1946, Vol. VII, p.703).
4. Truman's letter was in fact dated 25 October 1946 (see FRUS, 1946, Vol. VII,pp.714-17).
5. See FRUS, 1945, Vol. VIII, p.689. See also Doc.56, n.3.
6. See Doc.69 and n.1 there.
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All these developments in the course of solving the Palestine problem merit our close attention, since they reveal the nature of ideas for a solution of the problem and of the whole Middle Eastern problem as well. Signs are already emerging which suggest that the Middle East is entering a decisive phase, and that the British are renewing their special efforts to improve their position and, if possible, to stablilize the present situation.
American policy in matters concerning the Middle East can be defined as follows:
a) to allow the British to arrange their own affairs as they choose;
b) to act in parallel with the British, so far as possible, and to seize control of all the most important leading economic positions in the Arab countries;
c) to ensure that the Arabian oil pipeline reaches the eastern Mediterranean coast at a point which would be the cheapest possible for building and development, strategically a convenient supply base for ships, and finally, free from direct British influence.
President Truman evidently reflects the view of those Americans who still consider that, of all the states of the Middle East, it is Palestine which most nearly satisfies the conditions mentioned above. Apart from anything else it would be easier to get a foothold there without any formal violation of independence or sovereignty, since Palestine is under British Mandate. Therefore it would be quite easy to seize it in the guise of transfer to UN trusteeship, especially by supporting increased Jewish immigration.
Taking these questions in turn, we should note:
1. Truman's letter of 4 October quite clearly reflects these American intentions. In this letter, for instance, he explicitly says:' I cannot believe that the gap between the proposals which have been put forward is too great to be bridged by men of reason and goodwill. Our government could give its support to such a solution.'
Together with his emphatic recommendation of the immediate 'substantial immigration' of Jews, the president expressed his willingness to give economic aid to Palestine.
Naturally, the British reacted sharply against these plans, which would have given the American imperialists a fine excuse to tear from their grasp in broad daylight such an important titbit as Palestine. In inviting the Americans to take
注释:
7. Annexed to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation signed on 7 December, 1944, were two agreement: the International Air Services Transit Agreement, also known as the TwoFreedoms Agreement, which stipulated rights to passage (transit) without landing and landing (stops) for non-traffic (technical) purposes; and the International Air Transport Agreement, also known as the Five Freedoms Agreement. In addition to the two above-mentioned freedoms, the latter stipulated three commercial freedoms---to dischargers and freifht in a foreign country, to take them on from a foreign country, and to transport them from one country to another. The reference here is most likely to the five freedoms of the air rather than the fifth freedom.
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part in the solution of the Palestine problem, the British foresaw only American support for their own actions, and not the satisfaction of American ambitions. The British newspaper Daily Mail, commenting on Truman's statement, unambiguously indicated where the expected American support would lead: 'President Truman offers immediate aid providing that it is accompanied by a substantial immigration of Jews to Palestine, then has intervention makes very good sense.' The newspaper adds, with evident dismay:' Unfortunately, in our view, this is not what he meant.' Therefore the paper calls Truman's statement 'strange' and 'capable of having very unfortunate results', since Jewish terrorists may take it as a 'direct encouragement of their terrorist activities'.
In the Arab world Truman's statement aroused sharp criticism and appeals not only for verbal protests, but also for a boycott of American goods, and the rupture of economic and cultural relations with the US. These 'courageous' and vehement protests were made with the obvious encouragement of the British who, apart from anything else, wanted to stir up conflict between the Arabs and the Americans. This would compel the Americans to abandon their intention of carrying out an independent policy in the Arab countries, and most of all, of giving the British military assistance. However, according to all the evidence, the British have miscalculated, and Truman has decided to act independently in the affairs of Palestine. The French paper Le Monde wrote that 'from now on the Union States will carry out its position with that of the Foreign Office, with which it has hitherto held common views on Middle Eastern problems'.
However, Truman's attempt proved to be timid, untimely and unsucessful. Truman is not distinguished by far-sightedness, nor by a statesman's breadth of view. His actions reflect the habits of a minor civil servant, who is used to counting the change left over in the morning for fear that the cook might have cheated him, but who has happened to land in a high position without losing any of his habits.
As for the Palestine question, Truman put forward the idea of resettling 100,000 displaced European Jews in Palestine. And although this figure represents neither the real number of Jews displaced and left homeless in Europe, nor the capacity of Palestine to absorb such a number of immigrants, and although it has no significance whatsoever, since it would not give the Jews a majority in Palestine, Truman still clung to it right up to the elections to the American [Senate] and the House of Representatives in November 1946. 8
The British promptly identified the inconsistencies in Truman's letter and, relying on the very severe criticism coming from Arab public opinion and pree, behaved rather discourteously towards the president of the United States by refusing even to publish his further pronouncements on the subject.
注释:
8. The elections, which took place on 5 November, resulted in a Republican victory, the Democrats losing their majority in both Houses of Congress.
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