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Kukin replied: This will certainly not satisfy the Arabs. Have you given no thought to other solutions? Have you not considered, for example, a binational solution solution such as exists in Czechoslovakia?
I told him that such views could be heard in the World Zionist Organization, particularly in the Jewish labour movement. But they were minority views.
Kukin said he had recently chanced to speak with a high-ranking British official, an expert on the Middle East and Palestine. The Englishman admitted that he had once favoured a bi-national solution for Palestine. But of late he had changed his mind, since he was now convinced that any additional Jewish immigration was liable to enrage the Arabs and result in a massacre of Jew.....
By way of replay I noted that the British colonial bureaucracy, which opposed the Zionist enterprise in Palestine, constantly raised the spectre of disturbances and an Arab revolt to intimidate us and frighten the government. But I could tell Kukin what I had told my friends in the [British] Labour Party after the riots of 1929:6 We ,Jews from Russia, I said, were well acquainted with the character of pogroms and knew how they were staged by the government. Riots erupted wherever and whenever the government decided on them in advance. It was only because the Arabs knew in advance that there were those in the British Administration in Palestine who wanted disturbances , that they had the audacity to go on the rampage. The Jewish immigration had caused the Arab community to become state, and Idid not believe that anyone would easily incite them to attack the Jews as they did in 1929.
Ziesling followed, stressing that he, too, was very doubtful that the Arabs could be easily induced to riot against the yishuv. Today, the yishuv constituted an organized force which could defend itself and fight for its life.
Kukin remarked: It is all very well that you are confident of your strength; yet, it would be best if you did not have to use it.
To this I responded:We are well aware that our enterprise in Palestine requires peace. Furthermore, we would welcome the possibility of implementing our project in an atmosphere of understanding and agreement with the Arab community. Whatever the opinion of the majority in the Zionist movement, I shall permit myself to say that the Zionst movement is ready to pay a high price for peace with the Arab community. But the compensation for that peace need not and can not come at the cost of restricting our immigration to Palestine.
Remez tried to get the conversation back to its point of departure and sough a clearer reply from Kukin about dispatching a delegation to the USSR. Remez stressed that we placed great value on maintaining contact with USSR Jewry. For many years the yishuv and its Zionist enterprise had had to suffer calumny. The communists in Palestine joined hands with the fascists to spread
注释
6.The 1929 riots in Palestine erupted in August. The immediate cause was a dispute over prayer arrangements near the Wailing Wall, but the underlying causes were the establishment of the Jewish Agency and dissension within the Arab leadership.
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libellous claims about our enterprise in Palestine. 'I assume', Remez said. 'that this libel also reached Moscow. Therefore, it is important that we be given the opportunity to maintain ties with the USSR and its Jewish population.'
Kukin replied that he understood that we wished to conduct propaganda among Soviet Jews, but he thought it was still too early to talk about sending a mission to the USSR.
I sensed that Kukin had taken offence from something Remez had said, I deemed it proper, therefore, to go into slightly more detail on the subject Remez broached.
I began my explanation by noting that in 1936 bloody riots7 had erupted in Palestine. The gangs were led by Hajj Amin al-Husayni and his party. Even then we knew and read that his movement maintained connections with Berlin and Rome. But the Jewish communists thought otherwise. They explained the attacks, and there were a thousand victims among the Arabs. Obviously, then, the abyss between us and the Jewish communists greatly widened. Hajj Amin al-Husayni fled to Iraq. Later he was involved in the fascist revolt fomented by Rashid Ali8. After that uprising was suppressed, Hajj Amin fled to Berlin and placed himself at the service of the Nazis. These facts confirmed our view of the background to the riots of 1929 and 1936 and of the motivating forces that initiated and fomented them. As far as I knew, the communists in Palestine had already abandoned their previous position. As a result, they had also re-joined the Histadrut Federation of Labour9. This was also apparently what lay behind the split that occurred in the ranks of the communists in Palestine. When I concluded my explanation, Kukin remarked:' I have heard about developments [in Palestine] on many occasions, but from all that I heard I was unable to form a correct and comprehensive conception. I must admit that this is the first time I have heard--from Mr.Kaplansky--a substantive explanation.'
The conversation went on for about two and a half hours, and at its end Kukin reiterated that Soviet circles did not doubt that the Jews of Palestine were a progressive element.
We expressed our wish that he visit Palestine. He replied that he had many friends there and hoped to pay such a visit.
Conclusion
Permit me to sum up. Even though I presented the report both in London and here-- to several members of the Secretariat who came to see me in Haifa-- it is nevertheless not improbable that I left out a few details. It is also possible that my memory betrayed me and that I forgot some things. In any
注释
7.See Doc.31,n.3.
8.See Doc.27,n.2.
9.In 1943, the Palestine communist party split into an Arab and a Jewish faction. The Jewish faction joined the Histadrut in 1944
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event, my remarks have been recorded in the minutes here, and when Remez and Ziesling return they will read them and will have the opportunity to amend what I missed.
The conversation with Kukin was very friendly. The very fact that in a period of political tension the charge d'affaires of the embassy-- who in the ambassador's absence is the acting ambassador--found it sufficiently important to devote two and a half hours to our meeting is evidence that Soviet circles take a serious attitude towards the league and attach importance to the connection with us.
As for the concrete matters we raised: The impression is that the Soviet Union is now displaying great caution towards political developments in the Middle East in general and in Palestine in particular. By the same token they are taking care not to involve the Soviet legations in the Middle East in relations or direct ties with the league. My impression is that they wish to concentrate connections with foreign organizations exclusively through VOKS. If Kukin's approach differs from Barian's, that is undoubtedly due to the time that had elapsed. He did not so much reject Berian's proposal as supplement it. By referring us to VOKS they are saying that they prefer to maintain connections with us through semi-official institutions. From our conversation I also understood why there has been no response to our invitation to Soviet representatives to attend our national conference: the Soviet institutions which we invited do not want to turn us down, but neither are they in a position to accept. In any event, we should not hold out the hope that official Soviet representatives will attend our meeting. Perhaps representatives of VOKS will be able to participate.
Remez' assessment of the
conversation was pessimistic. In this view, Kukin's insistence that
the Soviet Union has not yet made know its stand on Palestine and
will have its say at the appropriate time should be taken as a
retraction of the Soviet delegation's declaration at the London
Conference [of the WFTU]. Afterwards Iheard from Ziesling that
Remez had changed his opinion and now positively evaluates the
conversation, which was very frank.
It seems to me that the
talk with the British expert to which
Kukin alluded, whether it was factual or merely
allegorical, in any event indicates that Britain and the USSR are
exchanging information, and the British representatives are making
frequent use of the threat of massacre which hangs over the yishuv.
By alluding to his conversation with the British official, Kukin
apparently wanted to elicit our opinion.
To conclude, I want to
reiterate again that I may have omitted any number of mundane
details. For example, I asked why it is so difficult to get a reply
from Moscow. Likewise, when I remarked that the Jewish Anti-Fascist
Committee did not accept our invitation, I conjectured that perhaps
the death of Shakhno Epshtein had disrupted the committee's work10.
To this Kukin
注释
10. Shakhno Epshtein was secretary of the Anti Fanscist
Committee and editor of its newspaper Eynikeyt.
page112
responded that he knew nothing of Epshtein's death. (Shakhno
Epshtein died at the beginning of July, and our talk took place
early in August).
Kukin took an interest in
our public status. We later discovered that he had visited an
agricultural training farm in the company of Locker11 and had
received first-hand information about Palestine.
Kruck thanked Kaplansky for
the report on behalf of all the members of the National Secretariat
and noted that of all the delegations that have represented the
league, the latest was the most outstanding.
注释
11.Reference presumably to one of the
agricultural training farms maintained by the zionists in
Britain.
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