《英诗理解指南》
4.8 Pun
The device of pun is the play on words. It is a use of a word with more than one
meaning (polysemy), or of a word that sounds the same with another (homonym) in such a way that the meanings of both words are called to mind. As a rhetoric device a
pun results from the use of homonyms
, homophones, or
homographs; the juxtaposition
of different meanings produces a jocular, witty or humorous effect.
E.g.
(1) I can’t be any graver until you find me a grave man.
(The pun results from the homonym of “grave”: the first word “graver”—from the comparative degree of the adjective word “grave”— means serious
or solemn, and the second word “grave” is used as a noun
here, meaning a place
in the ground where the dead is buried.)
(2) Seven days without water makes one weak.
(Homophone: “weak” puns with “week”)
(3) If we don’t hang together we will hang separately.
( Homonym of “hang”)
(4) What is the difference between a soldier and a young girl? One powders the face,
the other faces the powder.
( Homonym of “powder”)
Pun
is often employed by poets to produce a serious or comic effect. Read
the following poem:
To Lucasta, Going to the Wars
Richard Lovelace (1618-1658)
Tell me not, Sweet, I am unkind
That from the nunnery
Of thy chaste breast and quiet mind
To war and arms I fly.
True, a new mistress now I chase,
The first foe in the field;
And with a stronger faith embrace
A sword, a horse, a shield.
Yet this inconstancy is such
As you too shall adore;
I could not love thee, Dear, so much,
Loved I not Honour more.
In this poem, there are two instances of pun based on the homonyms. In "To
war and
arms I fly" the word "arms"conjures up two images of "weapon" and "embrace";
the
other is the use of "mistress" and "chase" in the line "a new mistress now I chase". The word
"mistress" may mean a woman in authority who gives orders to servants, or
a woman loved and courted by a man; "chase" may mean a/ "drive away" (in this case
"mistress" is to be understood as an enemy the speaker is to drive away), and b/ "court" (in this case "mistress" is a woman courted by the speaker). Either of the two meanings of each word mentioned
above is applicable according to the context. The puns used
in this poem are both witty and serious at once.
Thomas Hood once also used the word "arms" almost in the same vein:
Ben Battle was a soldier bold,
And used to war's alarms;
But a cannon-ball took off his legs,
So he laid down his arms.
(From Thomas Hood's ballad of Faithless Nelly Gray)
Here the pun of "arms" is used in a witty manner, because the word "arms" also bears
another meaning "weapon".
In G. M. Hopkins' The Wreck of the Deutchland we find another example of pun:
“…only the heart being hard at bay,/ Is out with it!” (stanzas 7,8)
Here the pun is based on homophone:
two words "heart"and "hart",
which are the same
in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
An animal such as a hart, a male deer,
being hunted down is said being hard at bay, and the speaker is in the same plight as the hunted hart because he has been hunted constantly by God who, the poet hints in many
places in the poem, is like a hunter. Here the word ‘heart’ punning on ‘hart’ arouses at
the same time two images in the careful reader's mind, and the meaning is thus enriched and the speaker's plight is emphasized.
Following is another example:
Ozymandias
P.B. Shelley
I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said一“Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desert. Near them,on the sand,
Half sunk a shatter'd visage lies,whose frown,
And wrinkled lip,and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive,stamp'd on these lifeless things,
The hand that mock'd them,and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal,these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, king of kings,
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away.”
In Shelley's Ozymandias, the word "mock'd" in the line "The hand that mock'd them
and the heart that fed" bears two meanings: "imitated" and "ridiculed". Shelley
juxtaposes the two meanings to show that the sculptor artistically ridiculed as well as
copied the tyrant's passions revealed in his face.
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