《英诗理解指南》
4.7 Conceit
A
conceit is a strange simile or metaphor. It is the fusing together
of two ideas that appear at first so violently dissimilar as to
defy being brought together. In a conceit the comparison is
far-fetched and strikes you at first as being weird and
inappropriate, but after your thinking about it you will see the
comparison is ingenious and subtly
right.
The word “conceit” originally meant the faculty of imagination or fancy. In the 16th
century, a conceit was an ingeniously
witty or imaginative expresion. The term is especially employed by
the metaphysical poets of the
first half of 17th century,
e.g.
Donne, Herbert, Vaughn, Crashaw,
Cowley, etc. Such similes or metaphors used by metapphysical
poets are called metaphysical
conceits.
Samuel Johnson described this kind of conceit as "a combination of dissimilar
images, or discovery of occult resemblance." In a metaphysical conceit, Dr. Johnson
said disparagingly, "the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked together
by violence,"
and "nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, and allusions." Dr. Johnson did
not admire such comparisons, but what he said could best sum up the most important
characteristics of metaphysical conceits. In general, in the
metaphysical conceits
the
comparisons are unexpectedly far-fetched and shocking; the ideas or things
for the conceits may be drawn from such difficult studies as mythology,
theology, alchemy, astronomy, and other branches of learning, or from
such ordinary activities as commerce and housekeeping.
In John Donne's poems, both amorous and religious, we can find many such
conceits. The following poem is
typical of the use of
conceits:
Song
John Donne (1572-1631)
Go and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root,
Tell me where all past years are,
Or who cleft the Devil’s foot,
Teach me to hear mermaids singing,
Or to keep off envy’s stinging,
And find
What wind
Serves to advance an honest mind.
If thou beest born to strange sights,
Things invisible to see,
Ride ten thousand days and nights,
Till age snow white hairs on thee,
Thou, when thou return’st, wilt tell me
All strange wonders that befell thee,
And swear
No where
Lives a woman true, and fair.
If thou find’st one, let me know,
Such a pilgrimage were sweet;
Yet do not, I would not go,
Though at next door we might meet;
Though she were true when you met her,
And last till you write your letter,
Yet she
Will be
False, ere I come, to two, or three.
The poem above conveys the poet’s contempt to women and love. In
order to reason out that there lives no woman both true and beautiful the poet
employs a syllogistic method and argues step by step to express his cynical
and contemptuous view to women.The poem begins in a conversational manner
with series of imperatives, all of which are as impossible to be fulfilled
as to find “a woman true, and fair” in the world.
This poem reflects the speaker's view of misogyny, and
in order to express
his angry, contemptuous, and cynical attitude towards women and love, the
poet fuses images of various kinds to achieve this purpose. The images are
taken from heaven, land, sea, legend, and social reality. Those images may
seem disconcerted, but actually most ingenious and appropriate. The poet has
done away with the limit of myths and reality, time and space, by bringing all
the incongruities together to convey his intense feeling of misogyny.
In another
poem
The Good Morrow, Donne compares the two lovers to two
adjoining hemispheres on opposite pages of atlas which are precise images of two
in one: each lover represents one hemisphere, and the two, taken together, is
one whole sphere:
……
Let sea-discoverers to new worlds have gone,
Let maps to others, worlds on worlds have shown:
Let us possess one world, each has one, and is one.
……
Where can we find two better hemispheres,
Without sharp North, without declining West?
Whatever dies was not mixed equally;
If our two loves be one, or, thou and I
Love so alike that none do slacken, none can die.
In his A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, to illustrate the special nature of
love between husband and wife, Donne employs the image of the two legs of a
geometer's compass for comparison:
…
If they be two, they are two so
As still twin compasses are two:
Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show
To move, but doth, if th' other do.
And though it in the center sit,
Yet when the other far doth roam,
It leans and hearkens after it,
And grows erect as that comes home.
Such wilt thou be to me, who must,
Like th' other foot, obliquely run;
Thy firmness makes my circle just,
And makes me end where I begun.
Much of the meaning of this poem depends upon this startling but well-known “twin compasses” conceit in the last three stanzas.
Following is still
another typical example of conceit, a poem written also by
John Donne:
The Flea
Mark but this flea, and mark in this
How little that which thou deniest me is;
It sucked me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;
Thou know'st this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, or loss of maidenhead;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pampered swells before one blood made of two,
And this, alas, is more than we would do.
O stay, three lives in one flea spare,
Where we also almost, nay more than married are.
This flea is you and I, and this
Our marriage bed and marriage temple is;
Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,
And cloistered in these living walls of jet.
Though use make you apt to kill me,
Let not to that, self-murder added be,
And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
Cruel and sudden, hast thou since
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?
Wherein could this flea guilty be,
Except in that drop which it sucked from thee?
Yet thou triumph'st and say'st that thou
Find'st not thy self nor me, the weaker now;
'Tis true; then learn how false fears be:
Just so much honor, when thou yield'st to me,
Will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee.
This lover's way of persuading his lady to yield to him is certainly unusual;
perhaps it is the last thing in the world a "romantic" lover would do to compare
lovemaking to flea-bites. Lines 7-9 mean that the flea accepts love freely,
and enjoys and swells with the mingling of two bloods; such a consummation of
love is what we dare not hope for. The word "swell" suggests pregnancy.
In the seventeenth
century medical notion, conception was thought to
take place when the blood of man and woman mingled during intercourse;
that is why the poet declares in line 11 that "we also almost, nay more than married
are".
By "sacrilege, three sins in killing thee", the poet means that if she killed the
flea she would also commit murder in killing the lover and suicide in killing
the lady herself——three sins in killing three lives. Killing life is a sin, and
therefore is regarded as being sacrilegious. Donne's metaphor minimizes
the importance of what the lover seeks. In effect what the lover keeps saying through
the metaphor is "What I want of you is just as unimportant as a fleabite." Donne's
Flea may represent one extreme in metaphysical poetry.
加载中,请稍候......