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古籍翻译古典格律诗研讨会韵律的处理 |
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古典诗词翻译中的韵律处理
——在《第八届全国典籍翻译学术研讨会》上的发言
安徽大学外语学院 何功杰
开场白
各位专家、学者,各位老师和年轻的朋友们,你们好!
古典诗词翻译中的韵律处理
何功杰
(一)翻译古典格律诗的两大要素:首达意 重形式
例1 古别离
孟郊
欲去牵郎衣,a
“郎今到何处? b 不恨归来迟,c
莫向临邛去!” b
Meng Jiao You wish to go, and yet your robe I hold.
a Where are you going, —tell me, — dear today?
b Your late returning does not anger me,
c But that another steal your heart away.
b
Translated by W.J.B. Fletcher
例2
光武(1)中兴兴汉世,
The Late Han revived the line of Liu:
上下相承十二帝。
Twelve sovereigns in succession
ruled the realm. 桓灵(2)无道宗社坠,
But Huan and Ling—the downfall of their
shrines— 阉臣擅权为叔季(3)。
Let their
eunuchs ruled and doomed house. 无谋何进(4)作三公,
Feckless He Jin raised to guide the
state, 欲除社鼠招奸雄。
Called tigers into court to clear the rats.
豺獭虽除虎狼入,
Vicious vermin out! Savage killers in!
西周立竖生淫凶。
Then Zhuo, the western rebel, spread new
bane. 王允赤心托红粉(5),
But loyal Wang
Yun deployed a subtle maid, 致令董吕(6)成矛盾。
Who turned Lü Bu against his master Zhuo.
渠魁殄灭(7)天下宁,
Dong Zhuo cut down, the realm again knew peace,
谁知李郭(8)心怀愤。
Till Li Jue and Guo Si avenged their lord.
神州荆棘争奈何,
And plunged our hallowed realm in misery.
六宫饥馑愁干戈。
Their civil strife brought king and queen to grief.
人心既离天命去,
Allegiance broken, Heaven's Mandate failed.
英雄割据分山河。
Ambitious heroes carved out our hills and streams.
后王规此存兢业,
Let every future king keep vigil keen 莫把金瓯等闲缺。(9)
For our nation's precious harmony, 生灵糜烂肝脑涂,
Lest living souls be ground into the earth
剩水残山多怨血。
And stain our soul with blood unjustly shed.
我观遗史不胜悲,
To read these pages must break every heart,
今古茫茫叹黍离。(10)
As men once sighed for great Zhou's glory gone.
人君当守苞桑戒,(11)
They warn the prince to stabilize his rule,
太阿谁执全纲维。(12)
And watch who holds the sword that guards the laws.
注释:
(1)光武:即刘秀(公元前5年—公元57年3月29日),东汉王朝开国皇帝。译者将这行译成“The Late Han revived the line of Liu”也是译者了解中国历史的一个具体明证。
(2)桓灵:“桓”即汉桓帝刘志(132年—167年),是东汉第十位皇帝;“灵”即汉灵帝刘宏,东汉第十一位皇帝。
(3)阉臣:宦官的代称。叔季:旧称国衰为叔世,将亡为季世,故“叔季”通谓国家衰乱将亡的年代。
(4)何进:东汉武将,以妹妹为灵帝皇后,任大将军,灵帝死后,他立少帝,专断朝政,后与袁绍谋诛宦官,事泄,为宦官所杀。
(5)王允:王允(137年-192年),东汉时官员,汉献帝初年任司徒、尚书令。当时皇帝只是一个傀儡,董卓大权在握。王允成功策划了对董卓的刺杀。王允赤心托红粉:意思是死之前把自己光复汉室的忠心愿望托付给了貂蝉,希望貂蝉能靠吕布的武力来铲除董卓,来维护汉室,完成自己的遗愿。
(6)董吕:即董卓与吕布, 二人均为东汉末年名将。董卓曾挟持献帝西都长安,并焚烧洛阳宫庙、官府和居家,致使洛阳周围 200里内荒芜凋敝,无复人烟。初平三年四月,董卓入朝时为吕布所杀。吕布先后为丁原、董卓的部将,后自成一方势力,于建安三年(198)在下邳被曹操击败并处死。由于《三国演义》及各种民间艺术的演绎,吕布向来是以“三国第一猛将”的形象存在于人们的心目之中。
(7)渠魁:大魁。殄[tiăn]灭:灭绝
(8)李郭:指李傕和郭汜(?-197), 李傕(?-198) 汉献帝时权臣,汉末群雄之一,性诡谲残忍,原本是董卓部下武将,在董卓被杀之后,与同党郭汜、张济等人结盟攻进长安,在击败吕布杀了王允之后,挟持汉献帝,辅政四年,短暂的掌握了汉王朝,后来与郭汜反目,自相残杀。李傕比郭汜有政治头脑一些,有一定的辩才和谋略。郭汜比较武勇,是有勇无谋型的武将,而李傕是有勇有谋型的将领。
李傕经常在自己家设酒宴请郭汜,有时留郭汜在自己家住宿。郭汜的妻子害怕李傕送婢妾给郭汜而夺己之爱,就想挑拨他们的关系。一次李傕送酒菜给郭汜,郭汜妻子把菜中的豆豉说成是毒药,郭汜食用前郭妻把豆豉挑出来给郭汜看,并说了李傕很多坏话,使郭汜起了疑心。过几天李傕再宴请郭汜,把郭汜灌得大醉,郭汜怀疑李傕想毒害他,赶紧喝粪汁催吐解酒。于是二人反目为仇,率兵长安城下相攻。傕、汜每日厮杀,一连五十余日,死者不知其数。
(9)莫把金瓯等闲缺:不要让国土平白无故地分裂残缺。金瓯:国土,疆土。
(10) 黍离:《诗· 王风》篇名,东周大夫出行至旧都镐京,见宗庙宫室毁坏,尽为禾黍,感伤而作此诗。故“黍离之悲”乃亡国之痛。译为“As men once sighed for great Zhou's glory gone”把“亡国之痛”具体化了,不懂中国历史是不可能有这样的翻译。
(11)人君当守苞桑戒:指人君应当经常思危而不独自居安,也就是说,只有“居安思危”的人君,才能保证国家长治久固。苞桑,根深柢固的桑树,源于《易·否》:“其亡其亡,系于苞桑。”孔颖达疏:“凡物系于桑之苞本,则牢固也。”
(12)太阿:古代名剑之一,即“泰阿剑”。“纲维”,用现代的话说,就是纲领,法律。
(二)中英诗歌韵律之异同
英语诗歌中格律诗的押韵方式和韵律比较复杂,因非本文讨论主题,只略加概括提及:
根据押韵的位置而定(Rhymes involving the positions of rhyming words):
根据押韵的音质而定(Rhymes involving sounds):
根据押韵音节的数目而定(Rhymes involving the number of the rhyming syllables):
完全韵与不完全韵(Perfect and imperfect rhyme):
诗行数目不同的诗节有不同的韵律(Different rhyme schemes in different stanzas):
(三)译家在汉语格律诗英译中对韵律的处理
(1)保持译诗尾韵与原诗一致,即原诗是二、四行押韵(abcb),译诗也保持二、四行押韵。
例1)登乐游原
[唐] 李商隐(813-858)
向晚意不适,a
驱车登古原。b
夕阳无限好,c
只是近黄昏。b
Ascending the Leyou Height
Li Shangyin (813-853)
Feeling indisposed and listless at dusk,
a I drove my chariot to n ancient height.
b The setting sun looks glorious in deed,
c Only it is so close to night.
b
(丰华瞻译)
2)春 怨 例 金昌绪 打起黄鹰儿,a
莫教枝上啼。b
啼时惊妾梦,c
不得到辽西。b
A LOVER’S DREAM
Jin Changxu
Oh, drive the golden orioles
a From off our garden tree!
b Their warbling broke the dream wherein
c My lover smiled to me.
b
Translated by W.J.B. Fletcher
(2)译诗保持押韵,但韵律安排有变化,或译为隔行押韵(abab),或译为双行押韵(aabb):
例1)
秋浦歌 李白
白发三千丈,a
缘愁似个长。a
不知明镜里,b
何处得秋霜。a
IN A MIRROR
Li Bai
My whitening hair would make a long long rope, a
Yet could not fathom my depth of woe; b
Though how it comes within a mirror’s scope a
To sprinkle autumn frost, I do not know. b
Translated by Herbert A. Giles(1845-1935)
过酒家 例2)
王绩
此日长昏饮,a
非关养性灵。b
眼看人尽醉,c
何忍独为醒。b
DEBAUCH
Wang Ji
Fill up this day the sorrow-drugging bowl! a
What matter though we drown the brighter soul? a
With wine o’ercome when all our fellows be, b
Can I alone sit in sobriety? b
Translated by W.J.B. Fletcher
(3) 不拘原诗形式和韵律。
例1)相 思 MISSING THE LOVED ONE
王维 Wang Wei
红豆生南国 a Red beans grow in the south.
秋来发几枝。b In autumn they appear on a few branches.
劝君多采撷,c Pick some.
此物最相思。b They wake the solitary heart.
(杨宪益译)
试比较下面Fletcher的翻译,他保持了与原诗一致的韵律:
Wang Wei
The red be
grows in southern lands. a With spring its slender tendrils twine.
b Gather for me some more, I pray,
c Of fond remembrance ‘ts the sign.
b Translated by W.J.B. Fletcher
例2) 九月九日忆山东兄弟
ON THE MOUNTAIN HOLIDAY
王维 Wang Wei
独在异乡为异客,a All alone in a foreign land,
每逢佳节倍思亲。b I am twice as homesick on this day,
遥知兄弟登高处,c When brothers carry dogwood up the mountain,
遍插茱萸少一人。b Each of them a branch ─ and my branch missing.
(Tr. by Witta Bynner)
试比较丰华瞻保持原诗韵律的翻译(abcb):
Thinking of My Brothers in Shandong
On Double Ninth Festival*
Wang Wei (701-761)
All alone in a strange land,
How I long for my folks on this festive day!
I imagine my brothers climb up a hill, dogwood on heads,
And all except me merrily go this way.
•
* The Double Ninth Festival is on the ninth day of
ninth month according to the lunar calendar. The custom isto climb
heights and pick dogwoods and wear them on
heads.
例3) 赠张云容舞
杨贵妃
罗袖动香香不已,
红蕖袅袅秋烟里,
轻云岭上乍摇风,
嫩柳池边初拂水。
DANCING Yang Guifei
Wide sleeves sway.
Scents,
Sweet Scents
Incessant coming.
It is red lilies,
Lotus lilies,
Floating up,
And up,
Out of autumn mist.
Thin clouds
Puffed,
Fluttered,
Blown on a rippling wind
Through a mountain pass.
Young willow shoot
Touching
Brushing
The water
Of the garden pool.
Tr. by Robert Lowell
(四)体会和实践
(1)翻译有韵律的格律诗尽量体现韵律
(2)鼓励各种形式的尝试
金缕衣
杜秋娘
劝君莫惜金缕衣,
劝君惜取少年时。
花开堪折直须折,
莫等无花空折枝。
1) GARMENT STITCHED WITH GOLD THREAD
Du Qiuniang (The Autumn Lady)
Care not so much for expensive clothing;
You should treasure a lot more your prime years.
Pick the flowers while they are blooming.
Soon nothing’ll be left save bare boughs and tears.
龚景浩 译
2) CLOTH OF GOLD
I advise you not to cherish cloth of gold,
But to honor the days of youth.
When flowers bloom they need be plucked:
Wait not to grasp in vain at empty twigs.
许渊冲 译
3) THE GOLDEN DRESS
Don’t hanker for dresses stranded with gold;
Do treasure your youth before you get old.
Pluck flowers as soon as they are worth plucking;
Don’t wait to break branches in flowers lacking.
王玉书译
4) CLOTHES OF GOLD
Cherish not your clothes of gold;
Cherish your time ere you’re old.
Pluck your rosebuds while you may;
Wait not to pluck a bare spray.
赵彦春 译
(3) 有条件的话,译者与相关的专业人士或学者合作;或与以译文语言为母语的外国人合作,中国译者把握理解关, 外国学者把握语言关。
(4)
1)《鄉村四月》 翁卷
綠遍山原白滿川,
子規聲裏雨如煙。
鄉村四月閒人少,
才了蠶桑又插田。
April in the Countryside
Weng Juan
Hills verdant all over, streams limpid and clear,
In misty drizzling cuckoos' songs echo round.
In April none in the countryside stay idle
But busy with field work or mulberry-leaf picking.
Translated by He Gongjie
)垂 柳 唐彦谦 2
绊惹春风别有情,世间谁敢斗轻盈?
楚王江畔无端柳,饿损纤腰学不成。
Weeping Willow
Tang Yanqian
The slender weeping willows flirt with spring wind,
Who e’er could match their litheness and grace tender?
Grown by the River near the king’s court of State Chu,
They enticed the maids to suffer for waists slender. .(1)
Translated by He Gongjie
Note (1) The monarch of the State Chu, Chu Lingwang (?-529 BC), lived a life of wonton extravagance, and was especially notorious for being fond of beauties, particularly of those with slender waists. It is recorded that Chu Lingwang loved slender waists for which the imperial palace maids all starved to satisfy the king’s favorite desire.
说明:我感到,翻译(无论是英译中还是中译英)有两大难关,一是双关语(pun)很难处理,二是典故(allusion)难以简译。遇到这两种情况时,大多数译者都采取解释的办法翻译(Fletcher翻译孟郊的《古别离》中“莫向临邛去”那句时运用的就是解释法),或采用注释加以说明。我这里翻译的《垂柳》一诗采用了注释来帮助达意(补充背景介绍)。在形式上,我在翻译“垂柳”一诗的初稿中是不押韵的,后改成二、四行押韵。
3)望
岳 杜甫岱宗夫如何,齐鲁青未了。
造化钟神秀,阴阳割昏晓。
荡胸生层云,决眦入归鸟。
会当凌绝顶,一览众山小。
Looking up at Mountain Tai
Du Fu What a majestic sight of holy Mountain Tai!
a Vast greens stretch across Qi and Lu (1), the two lands high.
a The divine Nature endowed with all beauty in a mystic way,
b And
’tween dawn and dusk all at once comes a day. b Colorful clouds
lave my bosom free and gay, b And birds fly before my strained eye in a free way.
b Once climbing to the top of the peek, one would espy
a The other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.
a
(Tr. He Gongjie)
(注:译诗的韵律与原诗不同,通过变通,我至少保持了押韵)
Note: Qi and Lu were two States in
ancient China in the 11th century B.C.
4)《三字经》的翻译片段
(4)
养不教, It is the father who is at fault
父之过。 If his son lacks schooling of some sort.
教不严, Strict with his pupils a tutor should be,
师之惰。 Or for lacking duty sense be blamed should he.
(5)
子不学, It's certainly no good at all for a child
非所宜。 To hate to learn but act as much too wild.
幼不学, If you do not learn at life's early stage,
老何为! What shall you expect when you reach old age!
(6)
玉不琢, A jade-stone, uncarved, unpolished with care,
不成器, Can't turn itself into fine jade ware.
人不学, A man refusing to learn will likewise
不知义。 Be ignorant of hows and whys.
(8)香九龄,
Huang Xiang of nine, for his parents old,
能温席, With his own body warmed up the bed-mat cold;
孝于亲, Such filial piety, a model of this kind,
当所执。 Should be borne firmly in your mind.
(67)口而诵,
Read them aloud, with mind and care;
心而惟, Of what you are reading, be clear aware;
朝于斯, Be bent on what it is considered right,
夕于斯。 And maintain your effort day and night.
(68)昔仲尼,
Of yore, Confucius condescended to learn
师项橐, From Xiang Tuo, aged only seven but wise,
古圣贤, In old times, even sages and great scholars
尚勤学。 Were modest, earnest to learn and seek advice.
(70) 披蒲编,
Wen Shu on rush-mat copied out lines from a book,
削竹简, Gongyang Hong on bamboo slips characters cut;
彼无书, They, being too poor to afford books anyway,
知自勉。 Exerted themselves to learn and win their way.
(71)头悬梁, Sun Jing on a beam overhead his hair hung;
锥刺股, And Su Qin to drive sleep away his thighs stung;
彼不教, Both tried to keep their heads sober and right
自勤苦。 While sitting reading late into the night.
(72)如囊萤,
There're other examples to follow:
如映雪, Che Yin who read by bagged fireflies' glow,
家虽贫, And Sun Kang who learned by the white snow:
学不辍。 Both too poor for lamp, but learning ne'er drop.
(79)犬守夜,
Dogs are able to keep watch at night,
鸡司晨, Cocks are able to herald the dawn of day;
苟不学, If you refuse to learn while young today,
曷为人。 In future, what a role are you to play?
(80)蚕吐丝,
Silkworms can spin silk to form cocoons,
蜂酿蜜, Honey-bees gather pollen to make honey;
人不学, A man who hasn't learned anything useful,
不如物。 He will be not as good as worm or bee.
(84)勤有功, You'll profit from hard work and diligence,
戏无益, But you'll gain nothing from idle indolence;
戒之哉, Do learn a lesson, mind you, from the past!
宜勉力。 Exert yourself, and try to hold on fast.
CORRECTIONS AND CRITICISMS ARE WELCOME!
THANK YOU ALL!