Beethoven 's Music and the Spirit of Modern Chinese Writers

Ladies and Gentlemen,
I am very glad to be here today with all of you. It surely is my great honor and pleasure to have a second
speech in an ICLM annual conference. The subject of my paper is "Beethoven 's Music and the spirit of
Modern Chinese Writers".
You may not have heard of the Chinese name of Li Shutong who was a very exceptional figure, an extraordinary
Buddhist monk at the beginning of last century. Certainly, it is not quite easy for you to pronounce Chinese characters. Perhaps some of you might know more or less about Lu Xun who was the most famous modern writer in China of 20th century.I just remember that our president of ICLM, Lothar Jordan particularly mentioned the connection between Lu Xun´s prose poetry "Hope" from his collection of Wild Grass and a song of a world famous Hungarian poet, Petöfi, with the same title “Hope”.
In fact, the two people introduced Beethoven into China for the first time. And the name of this great German
musician was firstly called in Chinese by Li Shutong who was born in 1880 and died in 1942. Li is a legendary
and romantic guy. He is a pioneer of spreading the western music to China. He was a pioneer under a couple of
aspects.. Beethoven is very wellknown as a Holy Musician in China. Li is the first guy to call Beethoven the "Holy Musician" in China. He launched the first music magazine Little Magazine of Music in modern Chinese music
history during his study abroad in Japan in 1906 in which he wrote a short article entitled "Biography of Beethoven" with just only 300 Chinese characters. After giving a brief introduction about Beethoven 's career, he highly admired Beethoven 's preciseness to music creation and the powerful spirit of hard working, of fighting against the puzzles, of struggling for final success.A charcoal drawing of Beethoven by Li appeared in print on the head page of
magazine. This is the first picture of Beethoven in China.
Li Shutong is the first teacher who introduced the knowledge of western painting and used the naked model to take a sketch class in art school. He is one of the most important members of the "Spring Willow Society", the first
drama society in modern China, that was set up in Tokyo in the winter of 1906. He is seemingly an omnipotent
artist who is a writer, a poet, a painter, a calligrapher and a composer. The song "Farewell" originally created by
Li has become the classic one widespread in China until today. I prepare to sing this song at the our Farewell
Dinner this evening if you like to.Li is also one of the earliest actors on drama stage of modern China who had
performed the female leading role Margrete of the drama The Lady of the Camellias that was adapted based
on the novel of the same title by France world famous writer Alexandre Dumas fils.
Lu Xun is the second writer who introduced Beethoven to China. During his study in Japan in 1907, he wrote a
very profound and highly influential article "Doctrine of Sciences History" at that time in which Lu Xun promoted
saving the nation through sciences. In a last sentence of last section of this article, Lu Xun advocated that modern
China could not forget to develop the literary and art. He said that we not only needed to have better understanding of western sciences but also to have knowledge about great masters in the field of western literature, fine arts and music, Shakespeare, Raphael, Beethoven for instance.
It was the last period of last dynasty Qing, and five years before establishing the Republic of China in 1912, that a
generation of Chinese intellectuals evolved in the eve of Enlightenment which directly lead to the Renaissance of
Modern China occurring ten years later in 1917. It was just this year that Cai Yuanpei, a great educator in Modern China, was nominated to the president of Peking University. Cai is the first person to propose the notion of
education of aesthetics. He valued the music education very much. (He is the advocate of music education). Cai
himself was an enthusiast and great admirer of Beethoven 's music. He encouraged the students to join in more
extracurricular music activities outside class. And he even acted as chairman of the "Society of Music Research of Peking University". With Xiao Youmei's idea, Cai organized an orchestra with only15 members. We should
remember the day of January 19,1923, when the orchestra of Peking University for the first time performed
Beethoven 's symphony, the third movement of the "Pastoral" Sixth Symphony and the second movement of the
"Fate" Fifth Symphony, in China.
In fact, I cannot give you a detailed report about the process of how China and Chinese intellectual increasingly
got to know Beethoven 's career of life and music creating, and eventually comprehended the spirit of Beethoven
through enjoying his music.
I would like to take this opportunity to tell the truth that today Beethoven has the most Chinese fans among all the western musicians. These lovely and respected fans know very well that Beethoven is one of the giants of classical music and also a pivotal figure in the transition from 18th century musical classicism to 19th century romanticism.
The influence of his talented music is not only profound to the subsequent generations of composers but also to his unique strength of personality and is more encouraging to younger generations who are willing to explore the future and wish to make a success of their lives. They like listening quietly the “Moonlight Sonata” and joyfully soaking in
the piano music “For Elise”. They especially prefer Beethoven 's Third Symphony, Fifth Symphony, Sixth
Symphony, and Ninth Symphony. They are crazy about Beethoven 's Symphonies performed by the Berlin
Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Herbert von Karajan. In my view, Karajan is one of the best messengers
and transmitters of the soul of Beethoven 's Symphonies and the spirit of his powerful strength which God sent.
They know well that small Austrian town of Heiligenstadt, just outside Vienna, where Beethoven wrote his
Heiligenstadt Testament, a letter to his brothers which records his thoughts of suicide due to his growing deafness
and records his resolution to continue living for and through his art. So they deeply comprehend how Beethoven
could make the huge suffering of hearing loss to the source of a remarkable inner strength creating the extraordinary art works.
Perhaps all of Chinese fans of Beethoven know such a story about the title of his Third Symphony. In 1804, whenNapoleon 's imperial ambitions became clear,Beethoven took hold of the title-page of his Third Symphony and
scratched the name Bonaparte out so violently that he made a hole in the paper. Later on, he changed the work 's
title to Heroic Symphony, composed to celebrate the memory of a greatman. Many, many fans of Beethovenalso love singing the fourth movement of his Ninth Symphony as it features an elaborate choral setting of a
German great poet, Schiller 's "Ode to Joy", an optimistic hymn championing the brotherhood of humanity.
Now I tell you another interesting story about the transition of Beethoven 's Chinese name. Due to the each
different comprehension of the pronunciation, Li Shutong wrote the Chinese character of Beethoven 's name
as
“比独芬”,
Lu Xun wrote as “培得诃芬”,
Cai Yuanpei wrote as “贝多文”,
Li Shutong's famous student, more like Li's disciple, Feng Zikai who was a writer, painter, caricaturist, music
educator, arts educator, translator.He edited and published two books introducing some of the western musicians
and their music in detail in the end of 1920s that one is Great Musicians and Their Music in the World in
1929, the other is Top Ten Musicians of Modern Times in 1930. He wrote Beenthoven as Chinese character “裴德芬” ,
and gave an insight into every movement of the Fifth Symphony, "The Fate”. The translation of Biography
of Beethoven written by the French famous writer Romain Rolland was published in 1927. That was the same
year when this book was reprinted in the second English edition. The translator was Yang Hui who was a famous modern Chinese writer and educator. He used this Chinese name“悲多汶” to call Beethoven.
From then on, that book began to popularize Beethoven among a large number of ordinary people in China, most
of all younger people full of spiritual pain after the May Fourth Movement in 1919. They kept such a story deeply
in their hearts while reading for the first time what described the two opposite kinds of attitude toward the Austrian empress and some attendant noblemen of Beethoven and Wolfgang Goethe when they were walking to meet each other in Teplize. Goethe stood at the side road, took off the hat and continuously gave a greeting to them. On the
contrary, Beethoven kept straight on and passed through the crowd in a superior manner. Such manner of
Beethoven tickled the Chinese young generation's fancy in which they looked down on the nobleman and challenged the old Confucianism thought and authority. They loved Beethoven 's spirit and disliked the poet laureate
Goethe 's action.
Although this translation was based on an English edition, the story of how Beethoven conquered the fate of great misfortune and the fighting spirit of triumphing over the huge suffering significantly influenced many Chinese readers at that time.
The Chinese name of Beethoven was finally settled by an outstanding translator of French, Fu Lei, who has the
same surname as mine. He went to France in 1927 and began to translate the French literature into Chinese at the
beginning of 1930s after he came back to China from Italy where he had been invited by the Geographic Society
to give a speech which fiercely criticized the rule of warlord during his stayed in Rome in Spring of 1931. The total number of Fu 's translated book is more than thirty. The 15 novels of Balzac translated by Fu profoundly influenced many modern Chinese writers and their literary creation. And his translations of four books written by the world
famous French writer Romain Rolland have always been highly influential until nowadays, that are John
Christophe (Jean Christophe), Biography of Michelangelo, Biography of Tolstoy and Biography of Beethoven. At that moment, he gave a birth to this three Chinese character “贝多芬”.
Now I would like to tell you a little interesting story of what Beethoven 's Chinese name means. Generally speaking, 贝 means treasure,
多 means many,
and 芬 means fragrant. That 贝and 多and 芬 in one means many fragrant
treasures. How a lucky Chinese name it is. Don't you think this is funny?
Fu especially wrote an appendix for his own translation of Biography of Beethoven named "Beethoven 's works and his spirit" that was first published by Camel Bookstore, Shanghai, in April1946. The title of first chapter of this appendix is "Beethoven and strength". Fu believed that the focal point of Beethoven 's "strength" is that he could
control himself by sheer force of will. Fu grabbed such kind of "strength" through the real story of Beethoven 's
music creations, deafness and love affair.
But unfortunately, shortly after the Great Cultural Revolution took place all over China, some of the Shanghai
Red Guards crashed into Fu 's home, searched for something invisible in the yard, beat Fu and his wife openly and
insulted them continuously day and night for four days. On September 3rd, 1966, Fu together with his beloved wife committed suicide in their own home. Fu was only one of many many innocent writer victims of the Cultural
Revolution.During the ten-years
long period of Cultural Revolution from August of 1966 to October of 1976,
many famous writers had to choose killing themselves in desperation with helplessness. Everything of the Western World, of course Beethoven, Balzac,Tolstoy and Romain Rolland etc. included, except Karl Marx and his books, wasl buried as history garbage in the eye of the proletariat revolutionists at that time. What an inconceivable thing in the history of humanity!
Fortunately, after the end of the Cultural Revolution, the melodies of Beethoven 's music and many other western
things began reechoing in China. In 1984, Beijing Central Symphony Band performed all Beethoven 's nine
Symphonies at the performing season period for the memorial year of Beethoven 's 145 birthday. In 2003, the
China Philharmonic Orchestra played all of Beethoven 's nine Symphonies again under the name of
"Immortal Beethoven". In 2004, the Youth Orchestra of the Central Music College was invited to Bonn, Germany, joining the "Beethoven Music Festival". They played Beethoven 's "Pastoral", the Sixth Symphony. From the moment Chinese people first heard of the name of Beethoven to this historical moment when Chinese Orchestra
played Beethoven at his hometown, nearly 100 years passed away. Countless history dust had been blown off in the sky.
To me, as a Chinese writer and scholar, I have been influenced by Beethoven 's music, particularly by his spirit of
"strength". I clearly remember when I was young in the 1980s, (now I am not old), I put a typical bust of
Beethoven on my table as many Chinese young people did. We hope to gain continuously the powerful encouragement of his spirit of will to better pursue and achieve the goal of career, to arouse the state of life passion and to
make personal enterprise successful.
Now, the new translation of the Biography of Celebrity by Romain Rolland that put his biographies of
Beethoven, Michelangelo, and Tolstoy together in one book has specified the list of compulsory reading, ten
books, aimed at teenagers by the Education Department of China. But there is the problem that a lot of letters
and quotations were translated from German into French by Romain Rolland. The Chinese translator has to
translate these into Chinese from French, not from German. Maybe such second-hand translation would
make the impact of the spirit of Beethoven a little bit imperfect.
Immortal Beethoven 's music.
Immortal Beethoven 's "strength".
Thanks so much for your attention!
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