在并列句中，一般有两个或两个以上的互不依从的主谓结构。每个分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。通常的并列连词，根据所连接的上下文的逻辑关系，可以分为以下几类：

1）表示增补关系的并列连词：and, then, both…and, neither…nor, not only…but also, as well as

例如：Jim is good at English, and Tom is good at English, too.

Not only Jim but also Tom is good at English.

Jim is good at English as well as Tom.

Both Jim and Tom are good at English.

2) 表示选择关系的并列连词：or, or else, otherwise, either…or, whether…or

例如：We must study hard, otherwise (or) we won’t go to college. 

     我们得努力，否则就上不了大学。

3) 表示转折关系的并列连词：but, while, however

例如：They were surprised that a child should work out the problem while they themselves couldn’t.

      他们很奇怪一个孩子能解决这个问题而他们自己却不能。

4) 表示因果关系的并列连词：so, therefore

例如：It is very hot outside,  so I don’t want to go out.  

     外面太热，所以我不想出去。

小试牛刀 

 

neither…nor      and    either…or   or     so    but    then

 

1. I hate smoking, _____ I don’t like drinking, either.

2. Be careful, _____ you will fall off the bike.

3. I like chocolate, _______ it is bad for teeth.

4. ______ Saturday ______ Sunday is OK. I’ll be free in these two days.

4. I wanted to know the answer, _______ I went to ask him.

5. He had a drink, _______ went to bed.

6. In spring it is_____hot _____ cold here.

 

状 语 从 句（Adverbial Clause）

1）地点状语从句:

 例如：Where there is a will, there is a way.    有志者，事竟成。

       You should put the book where it was. . 你应该把书放回原处。

2) 时间状语从句：( when,as soon as, after, while,until,the first time etc.)

例如：As soon as he finishes the work, he will come to see me.

他一完成工作就来看完。

The first time I met him, he was reading a book.

第一次遇到他的时候，他正在看书。

3) 原因状语从句：（since, because,as etc.）

例如：Since he is very busy, we had better leave him alone.

因为他很忙，我们最好让他一个人呆着。

4) 结果状语从句：( so…that, such… that, so that, etc.)

例如：He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school.

The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

The boy is very young so that he can’t go to school.

他太小还不能上学。

5) 目的状语从句：(so that/in order that )

例如：You must get up earlier so that/in order that you can catch the first bus.

你得早点起床以便赶上头班车。

6) 方式状语从句：(as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though,the way )

例如：Do just as I say and sit down.

照我说的做,然后坐下.

He acts as though no one existed.

他自行其是,好像没人在场一样.

Please pronounce the word the way I do.

请照我这样,读这个单词.

7) 条件状语从语：(if, unless, as/so long as,  in case, on condition that, etc.)

例如：Let’s go out for a walk unless you are too tired .

除非你太累了要不然我们出去散散步。

You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow.

只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。

8) 让步状语从句：(although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论…）, even if, even though)

例如：Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot.

尽管他是个小孩，却知道很多。

9) 比较状语从句：（as...as， than， not as/so...as，the more...the more）

例如：The work is not so difficult as you imagine.

这工作不像你想像的那么困难。

It’s easier than I thought.

比我想的容易些。

The more you study, the more knowledge you can get.

你学的知识越多，你的知识越丰富。

 

 

 

宾 语 从 句(Objective clause)

*定义：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.

*学习宾语从句三要素： 连接词    语序    时态。

一、宾语从句的连接词

从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that；if；whether.

that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句,

而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.

例如：He believes that he can improve his English by working hard.

他相信通过努力他能够提高英语。

I don’t know  if/whether I can improve my English by working hard.

我不知道通过努力我是否能提高英语。

连接代词

连接代词一般指疑问.主要有who, whom , whose, what ,whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等.

例如：I don’t know what you did last night.

我不知道你昨晚干了什么。

I don’t care who they can believe.

他们相信谁我不管。

连接副词

连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however 等.

例如：The map will show you where the school is.

这地图会告诉你这所学校在哪里.

He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.

他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.

二、宾语从句的时态

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，其宾语从句的时态可以是任何适当的时态。所以，宾语从句的时态应根据实际情况而定。

例如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.

她说她从周一至周五上班。
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.

她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.

她说她从来没有去过峨嵋山。

2）当主句的谓语动词的时态是一般过去时的时候，其宾语从句的时态一般要用一适当的过去时态。
例如：He said there were no classes yesterday .

他说昨天没有课。
He said (that) he was going to look after the baby.

他说他会去照看这个婴儿。
He said (that) they were having a meeting then.

他说他们那时正在开会。

注意：但是当宾语从句是表达客观真理和规律的句子时，其时态仍旧用一般现在时。

例如：He said that light travels much faster than sound.
他说光比声音传播得快。

三、宾语从句的语序

1.宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构

Can you tell me when will the meeting start?(╳)

Can you tell me when the meeting will start?( √)

例题：

1. You can’t imagine ____when they received the nice gift.

A. how they were excited B. how excited they were

C. how excited were they D. they were how excited

2. I don’t know ______________________.

A. where he comes       B. where comes he

C. Where does he come   D. Where he does come

2. 主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, guess等,并且主句的主语是第一人称,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来.

例如：我认为他不会来我的舞会.

I think he won’t come to my party. (╳)

I don’t think he will come to my party. ( √)

3.如果主句是第一人称I或we时，变反意疑问句时看从句。如果主句不是第一人称时则看主句。

例如：I think he is a good student, isn’t he ？

They want to know if he is a good student, don’t they ？

例题：

(1) I don’t think he is right,__________?

A．isn’t he   B．is he   C．do I    D．don’t I

(2) He believes she is right, __________?

A．doesn’t he    B．does he   C．is she   D．isn’t she

(3) I thought that he disliked playing football,__________?

A．didn’t he   B．did he   C．did I   D．didn’t I

*宾语从句的种类：

宾语从句分为三类:

        动词的宾语从句,

        介词的宾语从句

        形容词的宾语从句.

一、动词的宾语从句

大多数动词都可以带宾语从句。如：say 、tell 、think、 know、 see、 hear、 hope、 guess、 find、 feel 等

例如：We all expect that our class will succeed , for the students are all very hard-working.

我们都估计我们班会成功,因为同学们都很努力.

He told us that he was very excited when he met one of his friends in the canteen.

他告诉我们当他在食堂遇到一个朋友时非常兴奋.

二、动词短语也可以带宾语从句

例如：Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.

在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.

I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.

我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了.

Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?

你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗?

三、可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.

例如：I think it necessary that we take notes in class.

我认为课堂上记笔记是必要的.

I feel it a pity that I missed the chance.

       我错过这机会,感觉非常遗憾.

I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.

       我每天写日记成了习惯.

例题：

I find _____ important that we practice English every day.

A. it B. this C. that D. what

四、介词的宾语从句

例如：We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.

我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.

The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.

这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.

五、形容词的宾语从句

常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有:

 sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised

 例如：She was pleased that she passed the exam.

她通过了考试很高兴.

I am sorry that I stepped on your foot.

很抱歉我踩你的脚了.

He was surprised that Mary went to see him when he was ill.

他很奇怪在他生病的时候Mary能去看望他.

 

 

 

 

 

宾语从句练习题

1. I don't know _________ he will come tomorrow. _________ he comes, I'll tell you．

     A. if; Whether      B. whether; Whether        C. if; That      D. if; If

2. I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow.

     A. when does he come        B. how will he come 

     C. if he comes         D. whether he'll come

3. Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is?

     A. what        B. how        C. whether       D. where

4. Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help?

    A. how did he mend     B. what did he mend  

    C. how he mended       D. what he mended

5. I want to know _________.

     A. whom is she looking after         B. whom she is looking

     C. whom is she looking                 D. whom she is looking after

6. Do you know where _________ now?

     A. he lives      B. does he live       C. he lived       D. did he live

7. I think ______ a duty for me that I should help others.

     A. that   B. this    C. what    D. it

8. My father thought Mary was wrong, _________?

     A. didn’t he      B. wasn’t he  C. didn’t she       D. wasn’t she

9. The small children don't know _________.

     A. what is their stockings in          B. what is in their stockings

     C. where is their stockings in        D. what in their stockings

10. I can't understand _________.

     A. what does Christmas mean       B. what Christmas does mean

     C. what mean Christmas does       D. what Christmas means

11. His teacher ______ he ______ bright and ______ he was worth teaching.

A.didn’t think;was;that       B.thought;was;whether

C.didn’t think;was;          D.thought;wasn´t;

12. Please tell me ______ last year.

A.where does your sister work      B where did your sister work

C where your sister works          D where your sister worked

13. 13. I like ________ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.

A. this    B. that     C. it     D. one

14. I don't believe they have finished their work yet, ________ ?

A. have they   B. have’t they  C. do I    D. don't’t I

15. I want to know _______ it’s good news or not .

    A. whether    B. if    C. that     D. how

宾语从句答案：1—5DDDCD 6—10ADDBD  11-15 ADCAA

状语从句答案：1-5 B D B A B  6-10 A B B C C  11-15 D B A A C  16-20 C C D D B

 

 

状语从句专项练习题

(   ) 1 The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there.

A. because    B. until   C. why    D. if

(   ) 2 The boy ___ to bed ___ his mother came in.

A. went not; until   B. didn't go; after  C. went; until   D. didn't go;until

(   ) 3 I won't believe you___ I have seen it with my own eyes.

A. before   B. until   C. after   D. when

(   ) 4 They didn't start the work ___ their teacher came back.

A. until    B. while    C. as soon as    D. if                                       

 (   ) 5. I ___ him since I began to live in the city.

A. know    B. have known    C. knew     D. will know

 (   ) 6. Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ___ she was ill.

A. because    B. but    C. until      D. if

(   ) 7. May I sit nearer___I can see more clearly?

A. as if     B. so that    C. even if     D. so

(   ) 8. ___ you work hard, you will certainly succeed.

A. Though     B. If    C. Because     D. For

(   ) 9.___ he came to study in the school, he has made much progress in the study of English.

A. While     B. When     C. Since      D. After

(   ) 10. I'd like to go swimming _____ the water is not too cold.

A. for     B. unless       C. if      D. whether

(   )11. There are ___ many league members in class 2 ___ in Class 4.

A. both; and      B. 'so; that     C. either; or     D. as; as

(   ) 12. Suzhou is not ____ beautiful ____ Hangzhou.

A. as; than     B. so; as      C. even; than      D. /; than

(   ) 13. I want to know ___ she is going to see a film.

A. if       B. that     C. what     D. which

(   ) 14. You are sure to pass the exam ___ you study hard.

A. if     B. though     C. that     D. since

(   ) 15. I'll go to see the film with you___I have time this evening.

A. whether    B. so     C. if      D. when

(   ) 16. ___ you study harder, you'll never pass the final exam.

A. If       B. Until     C. Unless     D. Except

(   ) 17. Although it was raining, ________ still worked in the fields.

A. but they      B. and they     C. they      D. and yet they

(   ) 18. ___ there were only five soldiers left at the front, ___ they went on fighting.

A. Because; so     B. If; and    C. Though; but     D. Though; /

(   ) 19.___ she is very old, ___ she can still work eight hours a day.

A. Because; so     B. Though; but     C. As; yet       D. Though; yet

(   ) 20. Lift it up___I may see it.

A. though      B. so that      C. as      D. than