在高考英语试卷中阅读理解试题是所有题型中分值最高的。因此阅读理解能力的高低是能否取得英语好成绩的关键所在。高考英语阅读理解试题常考的题型有四大类：细节理解题、词义猜测、推理判断、主旨大意。
　　下面从这四个方面介绍怎样突破阅读理解。
　　一、事实细节理解—考信息捕捉能力
　　※考点提示：
　　细节题主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一特定事实信息的捕捉和理解能力，通常包括直接细节理解题和间接细节理解题。直接细节理解题与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但往往与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过有关词语和句子的转换，依靠主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系进行加工或整理后方能得出结论，此类试题在高考试题中占大多数。
　　※解题方略：
　　1、常见命题方式有：
　　1)常用who，what，when，where，why和how等特殊疑问词提问。
　　2)是非题。三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内容)：Which of the following is true except…?Which of the following is mentioned except…Which of the following is true／false?
　　3)排列顺序4)说明因果关系5)看图判断6)计算题等。
　　2、选项的特点：
　　1)正确选项的特点：正确选项一般都会在原文的基础上进行改写。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中的语言(词汇或结构)改头换面，来表达相同的意思
　　2)干扰项的特点：是原文的信息，但不是题目要求的内容；符合常识，但不是文章内容；与原句的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；在意思上与原文大相径庭，甚至完全相反；部分正确，部分错误。
　　3、做细节题时要将自己精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上，快速通篇跳读，自上而下呈Z形扫视，直到找到细节出处(即定位)，待找到含细节句子时，就要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直至找到答案。
　　【例】(2007，四川，A篇)
　　 I believe that my country, Poland, is a perfect example for a place where food is particularly important. When we were little children, we began to understand how much a loaf of bread meant to our parents——to some it might sound silly but for me the custom of kissing bread before you started cutting it was simply amazing. It’s not so common nowadays to treat food that way, since you hardly ever bake your own bread. Besides, everyone would call you crazy if you tried to kiss every bread roll before you ate them! But though we no longer make our food from scratch (起点), some customs have been kept——that’s why I feel so sorry every time I have to throw any food away-even though I no longer live with my parents and nobody would blame me for this any more !......
　　56. When the writer was a child, he / she_____.
　　A. found people were crazy about bread
　　B. began to realize the importance of food
　　C. thought that cutting bread was amazing
　　D. learned people hardly baked their own bread
　　【解析】根据题干When the writer was a child可知此题是细节理解题，解题时迅速找出其在文中的位置：第一段的第二句话when we were little children，we began to understand how much…。选项B中的began to realize the importance of food与文中的began to understand how much…意义相同。答案选B。
　　57．The writer feels very sorry when he／she has to throw away any food because_____.
　　A．he／she makes food from scratch
　　B．his／her parents would blame him／her
　　C．some customs still have effect on him／her
　　D．many people are still working hard as farmers
　　【解析】根据题干The writer feels very sorry when he／she has to throw away any food可知此题是细节理解题，而且是表示因果关系的细节题。解此类题时，先将题干的这个“结果”定位于文中出处，然后在其上下找出“原因”即可。此题根据文章第一段的最后一句话some customs have been kept．．．得知。答案选C。
　　※规律小结：
　　该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从题干中抓住关键性词语，以确定此道题是事实细节题。然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧，快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。
　　※高考警示：
　　解答细节理解题，定位能力很重要；最基本方法是：定位+改写=正确答案，即选项在意思上与原文相同的，才是正确的，而不一定是与原文一字不差的。
　　二、词义猜测题—考识别能力
　　※考点提示：
　　对词义考查通常有两种方式：对超纲词汇含义的推断；熟词生义、或是在特定场合的意思。
　　※解题方略：
　　1、常见命题方式有：
　　1)In Line．．．the word“．．．”could best be replaced by which of the following?
　　2)The word“．．．”in line．．．．probably means____. 
    　3)In line…，the word“．．．”refers to____.
　　4)Which of the following is nearest／closest in meaning to“．．”?
　　2、选项的特点：
　　1)正确选项的特点：对于超纲词汇的正确解释，如果将其带回原文，符合逻辑，使文章通顺易懂；对于未超纲词汇或短语的正确解释，往往是熟词生义，是根据上下文推测的一个特定场合的含义。
　　2)干扰项的特点：对于熟词，干扰项会列出它的字面意思或常规意义；除此之外，命题人还常用凭空杜撰出来的其他意思来干扰考生，但只要将此意义带入原文，不符合逻辑的就能排除。
　　3、解答此类题目时可根据合成、转化、派生等构词法知识猜测词义；还可以根据上下文中的同义词、反义词，利用上下文中的定语、同位语、作者的解释、注释等猜测词义；也可以利用上下文中信息词语，如：while，but，rather than，far from，that is(to say)，more than，rather等判断词义。做此类题目时千万要记住一点：一定要在原文的语境条件下，联系上下文进行推断和猜测词义，不要想当然。
　　【例1】(2007，全国I，D篇)
　　… Born in Chicago in 1902，brought up and schooled in Nebraska,the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. …
　　69.The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in paragraph 2 probably means_____
　　 A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching
　　C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching
　　【解析】结合本段下文信息“… changed his major from medicine to education”可以推知该短语意义为“倾心教学，迷恋教学”。答案选A。
　　【例2】 (2007, 上海， D篇)
　　 The traditional tent cities at festivals such as Glastonbury may never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home. …
　　76. “Eco-friendly tents” in paragraph 1 refer to tents____.
　　A. economically desirable
　　B. favorable to the environment
　　C. for holding music performances
　　D. designed for disaster relief
　　【解析】根据本段最后一句made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home可知eco-friendly tents是对环境有利的。另外，根据eco-friendly的结构也可猜出其含义是“环境有好的”，上文environmentally-aware(有环境意识的)也有提示作用。答案选B。
　　※规律小结：
　　做题的关键在于：该单词或词组本身并不重要，重要的是该单词或词组的上下文。如果该单词或词组是认识的，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案应是根据上下文推测出的一个更加深刻的含义。
　　※高考警示：
　　不管这个词多么的超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思；不管这个词多么的熟悉，都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合中的意义。
　　三、推理判断题—考分析辨别能力
　　※考点提示：
　　推理判断题主要考查考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。此类题属于主观性较强的、高层次阅读理解试题。
　　[HTH]※解题方略：
　　1、解此类题时，要根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索找到原文的相关句，读懂后，比照选项，对相关句进行同义改写或综合概括的选项为正确答案。做题时要注意题干的语言形式，其提问方式大体有两类：
　　第一类：以infer(推断)，imply(暗示)，suggest和conclude(得出结论)的提问方式。
　　第二类：在提问的方式中含有表示推测的情态动词和其它表可能性的词：can，could，would，might，probably，most likey，…。
　　如According to the passage,_____；It can be inferred from the passage that；It can be concluded from the passage that_____；The passage is intended to____. The writer indicates that____ 等。
　　2、选项的特点：
　　1)正确选项的特点：不是文章中直接的内容，是间接表达出来的，除符合文章的主旨外，还符合逻辑，让考生有推敲的余地。另外，正确选项大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。
　　2)干扰项的特点：①夸大事实：对原文中的细节或论断的某方面进行夸大处理；②无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的的信息，并以此作为依据进行推理；①掺入常识：考生已有的常识是正确的，但不是根据文章来的；④推理过头：引申过度，使结论过于绝对化。
　　【例】(2006，安徽，E篇)
　　 Childhood was an illusion (错觉) and the illusion was this: Everything was bigger. No, I mean everything, not just houses and shops and grown-ups, but colors and flowers and journeys,especially journeys which seemed endless.“Are we there yet, Daddy?”
　　 Funfairs (游乐场) were huge things that spread for miles around you with noise and lights and exciting danger. Rainy days at home when you were ill seemed to last for ever. Being a grown-up yourself was an unthinkable distant possibility. Every sound was louder, every game was grander, every pain unbearable. 
    As I’ve grown old, life has become smaller. Tastes have bulled. Surprises have turned into shocks. Days go by unnoticed. How can I regain childhood when it was an illusion?
　　I have only one repeatable and wonderful way and even in this way I can regain only part of that larger world. I can play upon the stage like a child and make the crowd laugh and laugh with them, sometimes helplessly like a child, and then, even though I’m a sixty-one-year-old man, I can almost catch the colors and sounds and stillness of those bigger years when I was little.
　　总述：本文讲述一位61岁的老人对自己童年的总结和回忆，将童年时期与成人后看待世界的不同角度予以比较，从而感慨人生的短暂。
　　72. How does the author feel about his childhood?
　　A. It was endless.
　　B. It was unpleasant.
　　C. He is glad that it is over.
　　D. He misses it as a grown-up
　　【解析】本题是对作者观点的判断。根据第三段内容可知：成年后世界变小了，一切都暗淡无趣，日子在不知不觉中一天天地逝去，故感慨 “How can I regain childhood when it was an illusion?”, 显然作者怀念童年时的感觉。答案选D。
　73. The author thinks that everything was bigger in childhood because ___.
　　A. children could not make proper judgments.
　　B. children were curious and eager about life
　　C. things appeared really big in children’s eyes
　　D. to grow up seemed so long for children
　　【解析】深层含义理解。根据文章第二段可知，孩子对未知世界充满好奇而感到everything was bigger, 而文章第三段表述了当作者长大后，没有Tastes和Surprises, 故life has become smaller. 答案选B。
　74. The world seems to have become smaller to the author because ___.
　　A. life is disappointing
　　B. time goes by too fast
　　C. he has had too many surprises
　　D. foods no longer taste delicious
　　【解析】细节推理题。依据第三段Tastes have bulled．Surprises have turned into shocks．Days go by unnoticed．当作者长人后，对外面的世界的感觉不再新鲜好奇，生活很平淡，越来越“令人失望”。答案选A。
　　※规律小结：
　　推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，推理时我们务必要忠实于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分——推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分——推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。
　　在阅读文章时，要注意句子间或段落间的诸如however、thus、in addition等承接词语(包括连接词、某些副词及介词短语等)的提示作用。借助它们的提示，才可以准确地分析句子结构和段落结构，分清层次，确定文章的主题思想和细节等。
　　在解答推理判断题时，首先应清楚题干是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用canning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，其解题的主要依据是文章的主题思想，然后再分析句子之间的逻辑关系，区分观点与例证(opinion and fact)、原因与结果(cause and effect)、主观点与次观点(main idea and supporting idea)。
　　※高考警示：
　　推理判断必须推论有理，判断有据，忠实原文。切忌用自己的想法代替作者的观点。
　　全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。
　　四、主旨大意题—考归纳概括的能力
　　※考点提示：
　　这类考题主要考查学生对阅读材料进行归纳、综合和分析的能力。主旨题一般涉及文章的中心思想、标题及作者的写作意图等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度的概括或总结，属于高层次题。
　　※解题方略：
　　1、题干表现形式：常以“mainly about、mainly discuss、best title”等提问。如：
　　The best title／headline for this passage might be______.
　　This passage chiefly deals with_____.
　　The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______.
　　2、选项的特点：
　　1)正确选项的特点：概括全文，内容全面，含义深刻，说明道理且表达尺度恰当的选项一般是答案项；四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项；不出现细节信息；不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词。
　　2)干扰项的特点：①以偏概全：只是局部信息，或是一句没有展开论述的评论。②过于笼统：即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱离或是没有对细节加以充分论述。③断章取义，概括错误：常以次要的事实，细节冒充全文的主要观点。
　　3、解题思路：
　　1)寻找主题句，确定文章主题：主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。对于中学生来说，主题句位于段首的居多。
　　2)注意首段和各段的第一句话，将其含义连接成一个整体。
　　3)注意逆向思维法，即快速作文法：对几个选项可以自己思考一下——如果我写这个题目，我回怎样写?
　　【例】(2006，北京，D篇)
　　 While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (婴儿),societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. 
     　One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母亲的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (抚摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers’ and fathers’ affection for their infants.
　　A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little for the city infant - who, in many case, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.
　　71. Which is the best title for the passage?
　　A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times
　　B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment
　　C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate
　　D. Differences between Modem and Premodern Parents
　　【解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段提出话题：…societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain．接下来，第二段和第三段分别陈述了三个方面的做法来说明该观点。
　　如果我们将第一段中的…a number of societal practices developed which worked against earlyattachmentofmotherandchild．第二段中的Oneof thesepremodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave…；第三段中的A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing．串联起来，我们就很容易知道此题的答案是Practices of Reducing Matemal Attachment。
　　如果我们用逆向思维法来解此题，也能较为准确的做出判断来：假如我们按照ACD项来写文章，则要分别写社会状况、很差的卫生服务和较高的婴儿死亡率、还有现代与从前的父母的不同等，那就不会出现上面这样的文章。答案选B。
　　※规律小结：
　　要做好主旨大意题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文。
　　浏览法(skimming)是理解全文人意的快速而有效的方法，浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段，尾段或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
　　※高考警示：
　　概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可离题太远、太笼统，或者只概括一段或几句话的意思。
　　不管主题句出现在文章的什么位置，我们都要把这类题作为该篇文章的最后一道题去做，因为做完其他题以后会对文章的主旨理解有帮助。