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祈使句的用法

(2007-12-10 13:25:17)
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教育杂谈

    祈使句是日常交际中的常用句型,因为每个人在日常生活中难免会请求、命令、建议、要求、叮嘱、祝愿或厌烦某人干某事。随着英语交际功能的被重视,高考题中祈使句的出现频率越来越高。现对祈使句的各种用法总结如下:
  一、第二人称作主语的祈使句
  1.在祈使句中,第二人称的主语通常不表示出来。例如:
  Have a look at your shoes!They are so dirty.看看你的鞋子!这么脏!
  Be careful while crossing the road.过马路时要小心。
  2.这种祈使句的否定形式是在句首加Don’t。例如:
  Don’t ever forget it again!再也别忘了!
  3.这种祈使句的强调式。
 (1)肯定祈使句的强调式在前面加Do,否定祈使句用Never代替Don’t。例如:
  Do turn off the gas tap after cooking,please!请你务必在用完煤气后关掉总阀。
  Never believe such a thing!千万别相信这样的事。
  (2)有时为了强调向谁提出要求、发出命令或分配任务,第二人称主语也可以表示出来,这时主语须重读。例如:
  Boys,you carry water.Girls,you clean the windows.男生们,你们提水;女生们,你们擦窗子。
  Don’t you do it again!你再也不要做这种事了!
  4.有时加上第二人称,主语可表示急躁、厌烦或愤怒等情绪。例如:
  You mind your own business!管好你自己的事!/别管闲事!
  You get out of my way!请你别挡我的道!
  5.祈使句的前后还可以有呼唤语。例如:
  Tom,behave yourself.汤姆,规矩点。
  Each of you,go back to your seat.你们每个人,都回到你们的座位上去。
  二、第三人称作主语的祈使句
  祈使句的主语有时也可以是第三人称。例如:
  Everybody stand up!大家都站起来!
  Jack stand over there.杰克站到那边去。
  Someone open the door.谁去把门打开。
  注意比较:
  Everyone stands up.每个人都站着。
  Jack stands over there.杰克站在那儿。
  Someone opens the door at seven every morning.有人每天上午七点把这门打开。
  三、Let开头的祈使句
Let开头的祈使句有Let us/me,Let’s,Let+第三人称代词或其他名词+不定式。
  1.Let us/me+do。例如:
  Let us go,please.请让我们走吧。
  Let me buy you a drink.请允许我给你买一杯饮料。
  2.Let’s+do。例如:
Let's have our holiday in Qingdao this summer.我们今年夏天在青岛度假吧。
  以上祈使句的否定式是Let us not/Let’s not+不定式。
  Let’s/Let us not make so much noise.我们不要发出这么大的噪音。
  Let’s/Let us not stay up too late.我们不要熬的太晚。
  3.Let+第三人称代词或名词+不定式。例如:
  Let him be here by eight o’clock.让他八点前到这。
  Let promises be kept.一定要信守诺言。
  这一结构的否定式是Don’t let...
  Don’t let such a thing happen again.不要再让这样的事发生。
  Don’t let anyone leave his position.不许让任何人离开岗位。
  四、祈使句的省略形式
  祈使句的省略形式一般在紧接上下文作简短反应时使用,可用do,don’t等代替全句。例如:
  A:Shall I get you a cup of tea?
  B:Yes,please do./No,please don’t.
  A:May l use your phone?
  B:Do,you are welcome.
  2.有些无动词结构也是祈使句的一种省略形式。例如:
  Louder,please!请大声点说!
  Out with it!带着它滚出去!
  Not so noisy!不要这么大声!
  五、祈使句的倒装形式
  若祈使句中有in,out,away,up,off等作状语的副词,则会因强调这些状语而把它们置于句首。例如:
  Out you come!你出来!
  Away you go!你走吧!
  Up you stand!你站起来!
  六、祈使句可作为条件句使用
  祈使句的这种用法通常用于句型:祈使句(表示条件)+and/or+简单句(表示结果)。这种句型中的祈使句可改为if引导的条件句。例如:
  Use your head,and you’ll find a way out.(=If you use your head,you will find a way out.)动动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。
  Work harder,or you’ll fall behind.(=If you don’t work harder,you will fall behind.)努力点,否则你就会落后的。
  在这一结构中,作为条件的祈使句还会以一个名词短语的形式出现。例如:
  Ten minutes earlier,and you would have seen the UFO flying over our city.(=If you had come ten minutes earlier,you would have seen the UFO flying over our city.)如果你早十分钟来,你就能看到那个飞碟飞过我们城市上空了。
  Another try,and you may succeed.(=If you have another try,you will succeed.)如果你再试一次,你也许会成功。
  七、祈使句后的附加疑问句式
  1.第二和第三人称的祈使句后多用will you,用would you语气更加委婉;也有用won’t you,can/can’t you或why don’t you的。例如:
  Wait a minute,will you?
  Keep quiet,will you?/won’t you?
  Have another cup of tea,would you?
2.以Let开头的祈使句有两种形式。Let’s开头的祈使句用shall we,Let us开头的用will you。例如:
  Let’s go home,shall we?我们一起回家吧,怎么样?
  Let us go home,sir,will you?先生,让我们回家吧,行吗?
  八、用作习语的一些固定祈使句式
  Take your time.别急。
  Pardon me?对不起,请再说一遍。
  Make yourself at home.请随便点。/就当在家里。
  Take it easy.别着急。
  Go ahead.朝前走;去做吧!(鼓励对方做某事)
  Don’t mention it.不用客气!(对别人感谢的回答)
Come on.加油;快点;振作起来;得啦,算了吧!(指责对方刚刚说的话不正确)
  练习
1.—Sorry,Joe.I didn’t mean to...
 —Don’t call me“Joe”.I’m Mr Parker to you,and______you forget it!
  A.doB.didn’tC.didD.don’t
2.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you______advertisements showing happy families.
  A.will often see B.often see C.are often seeingD.have often seen
3.Stand over there,______ you’ll be able to see it better.
  A.orB.whileC.butD.and
4.—English has a large vocabulary,hasn’t it?
 —Yes.______ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
  A.Know B.Knowing C.To know D.Knew
5.Lose one hour in the morning,______you will be looking for it the rest of the day.
  A.butB.andC.orD.so
6.—It’ll take me at least 2 hours to do this!
 —Oh,______!I could do it in 30 minutes.
  A.come on B.pardon me C.you are right D.don’t mention it
7.—Oh dear!I’ve just broken a window.
—______.It can’t be helped.
  A.Never mindB.All rightC.That’s fineD.Not at all
8.Start out right away,______you will miss the first train.
  A.andB.butC.orD.while
9.—I’m sorry I’m late.I got held up in the traffic on my way here.
  —______.
  A.Don’t be late next time B.You should be blamed
  C.It doesn’t matter.I’m also late D.Never mind.Come and sit down
10.______,and I’ll get the work finished.
  A.Have one more hour B.One more hour
  C.Given one more hourD.If l have one more hour
11.I'm thinking of the test tomorrow.I'm afraid l can't pass this time.
 ______!I’m sure you’ll make it.
  A.Go aheadB.Good luckC.No problemD.Cheer up
12.We forget to bring our tickets,but please let us enter,______?
  A.do youB.can weC.will youD.shall we
13.Mary,______ here—everybody else,stay where you are.
  A.come B.comes C.to come D.coming
14.—______for the glass!
 —It’s OK.I’m wearing shoes.
  A.Look outB.Walk outC.Go outD.Set out
15.—I’d like to take a week’s holiday.
 —______,we’re too busy.
  A.Don’t worry B.Don’t mention it C.Forget it D.Pardon me
  答案 1-5 DADAB 6-10 AACDB 11-15 ACAAC

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