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荷马与荷马史诗
Homer and Homeric Epics
(讲课提纲)
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【上周因为参加一个会议,耽误了一次课,今晚要给学生补课。刚吃了点盒饭,离上课还有一会儿时间,干脆把讲课提纲顺便贴在这里。】
1. Homer and Homeric Epics
Greek literature begins with two masterpieces, the Iliad and Odyssey. Although it cannot be accurately dated, they are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom almost nothing is known except his name. Scholars believe that he is blind, and seven places claim to be his birthplace. These places are in the region of Ionia, the western coast of Asia Minor, which was heavily settled by Greek colonists.
These two epics are based on a really happened war that took place in about the 12th century B. C. when some Greek tribes or clans who lived on Greek Peninsula united and launched a war against Troy on the coast of Asia Minor. These Greeks defeated the Trojans and destroyed the city of Troy. After the war, many stories about the heroes in the war spread forward. These stories were passed on from mouth to mouth or they were told orally, and during which they became more and more rich and systematically.
Before Homer the epics were just raw materials and it was Homer who shaped them into two great poems: the Iliad and Odyssey. Homer lived in about 9th to 8th centuries B. C. In his time there were many minstrels like him. That’s to say Homer was not the only epic poet or minstrel in his time. We also should know that Homer did not write these two poems down but he just formed into two poems coherently in oral form because there was not literacy in Homer’s time. It was not until the 6th century that these two epics were noted down. And it was not until the 3rd or the 2nd century B. C. these two epics were formed into columns by scholar in the city of Alexander in Egypt. The Iliad and Odyssey each has 24 books.
These two poems played an important role in the development of Greek civilization: they became the basis of an education and, therefore, of a whole culture. The great characters of the epics serve as models of conduct for later generations of Greeks.
2. Contents of Homeric Epics
The background of the Iliad and Odyssey is the Trojan War. The former tells the story of ten years’ war and the latter tells the story of Odysseus’ ten-year wandering or homegoing on the sea after the War.
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(1) The Iliad
The Iliad is earlier than the Odyssey. It has 15,693 lines. Its subject is war; its characters are men in battle. The war is fought by the Achaeans against the Trojans for the recovery of Helen. It is said the war is cause by the Story of Golden Apple. When Achiles’ parents Peleus and Thetis invited gods to their wedding party, they neglected Iris who is the goddess of discordance. And this goddess was very angry, so she put a golden apple with the words “dedicated to the most beautiful woman in the world” on the wedding party. Three goddesses Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena all wanted to have to apple. In the end they asked Paris, the prince of Troy to settle the issue. We know Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite who had guaranteed the “most beautiful lady in the world” to him. With Aphrodite’s help, Paris took Helen away back to Troy. Helen was the queen of Sparta, wife of Menelaus. This event caused great anger and hatred among different Greek tribes. They united together and formed an allied great army, sailing toward Troy.
The war lasted for ten years long, but the Iliad describes the events of a few weeks in the ten-year siege of Troy. The particular subject of the poem, as its first lines announces, is the anger of Achilles. His anger was initiated by the Chief commander Agamemnon, who took away Achilles’ woman prisoner by force. Achilles refused to fight for the Greeks. It was his closest friend Patroclus’ death in Hector’s hand that awakened him and he fought again and killed Hector, a prince of Troy and the bravest of it, with his own hands.
The whole war ended with the strategy of wooden horse designed by Odysseus.
(2) The Odyssey
The other Homeric epic, the Odyssey, is concerned with the peace that followed the war and in particular with the return of the heroes who survived. Its subject is the long, drawn-our return of one of the heroes, Odysseus of Ithaca, who had come farther than most (all the way from western Greece) and who was destined to spend ten years wandering in unknown seas before he returned to his rocky kingdom.
During his absence, especially during the ten years after war, many people think that Odysseus has died on his way home. So his palace is full of suitors (wooers), they wish to marry Odysseus’s wife Penelope and want be in possession of Odysseus’s fortune. After many struggle and dangers, Odysseus get home eventually, and kills all the suitors.
The epic begins like this:
Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story
of that man skilled in all ways of contending,
the wanderer, harried for years on end,
after he plundered the stronghold
on the proud height of Troy.
He saw the townlands
and learned the minds of many distant men,
and weathered many bitter nights and days
in his deep heart at sea, while he fought only
to save his life…
Here is another version of translation of the beginning of the epic:
Goddess of song, teach me the story of a hero.
This was the man of wide-ranging spirit who had sacked the sacred town of Troy and who wandered afterwards long and far. Many were those whose cities he viewed and whose minds he came to know, many the troubles that vexed his heart as he sailed the seas, labouring to same himself and to bring his comrades home.
3. Characters in Homeric epics
(1) Achilles
Achilles is the main character in the Iliad, and the subject of this poem is his rage or anger. He is the bravest of the Greeks. The oracle says that if he goes to Troy he will die, but he is not afraid. He lives by and for violence, and is alive and creative only in violent action. He is born for war.
But we can also see the other side of his personality. Apart from his violence, he is affectionate and full of love too. He is really brutal when he dragged Hector’s corpse after his horse and galloped around the city for three circle after he had killed him. But we can see his hatred for Hector is also his expression for his close friend Patroclus.
(2) Hector
Although Hector is a brave fighter just like Achilles, he forms a sharp contrast with Achilles. Achilles is almost born for violence, but Hector fights for peace. He fights bravely, but reluctantly. He often thinks of the peaceful past, and has little hope for peace to come. His loving for peace is emphasized by the tenderness with his wife and child and by his kindness to Helen, the cause of the war although he knows that in his heart such a war will bring his city to destruction. In a word, we can see Hector is an ideal character in the author’s heart.
(3) Odysseus
Odyssey is the King of Ithaca, a rocky kingdom in the west of Greece. He struggles for ten years before he can see his kingdom again. He has an outstanding quality and a versatile intelligence, which keep him alive through the trials and dangers of twenty years of war and seafaring. He is not so self-willed as Achilles. He can do almost anything in order to stay alive. His name has become the byword for successful courage and intelligence.
Compared with Achilles, Odysseus is much more rational. On his way home, he was temped from time to time, however, most of the times, he tries not to be tempted. When he at last got home, he did not reveal his identity and was not impatient to see his dear wife, because it is very dangerous to do so. The first thing he does is to kill all the suitors in his palace before he makes his identity known. On many occasions on his way home, he does not tell his name to others, only says he is “nobody”.
4. Significance of Homeric epics
It is the reflection of clannish and ancient Greece;
Life style;
Primitive to slavery;
Courage and bravery;
Its influence upon later European literature.
5. Art contribution
Structure
Character depiction
6. Supplementary readings
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