Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.

专业细分可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。通过将学科细分，个人能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。但是专业细分仅仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的相关发展之一。另一相关发展是科学活动的日益职业化。

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.

在科学领域内，专业与业余之间没有绝对的区分：任何规律都有其例外。但是“业余”这个词的确具有特殊的含义，那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，具体地说，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。19世纪的专业细化的发展，以及随之而来要求一个长期复杂的训练，这对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。特别是在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域，这种趋势显然最为明显，这可以通过英国的地质学发展过程得到证实。

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

对过去一个半世纪的英国地质出版物进行比较，我们不但发现人们对研究的重视程度在不断增加，而且人们对可以接受的论文的定义也在不断变化。因此，在19世纪，地方地质学研究代表的是一些独立完成的、有价值的科学研究；而到了20世纪，地方地质学研究只有在收编并仔细考虑更广泛的地质情况才会逐渐被专业人员接受。然而，业余人员继续以旧的方式从事当地的研究。其整体的结果是使业余人员进入专业性地质学杂志更加困难，而审稿制度的全面引进使这个结果得到加强，这一制度开始是在19世纪的全国性杂志进行，进入20世纪后也在一些地方性地质杂志实行。这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

虽然职业化和专业细分过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中已经得到迅速发展，但是它的效果直到20世纪才充分显示出来。然而，从科学这个整体来看，19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。

51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.

[A] sociology and chemistry                           [B] physics and psychology

[C] sociology and psychology                          [D] physics and chemistry

19世纪专业化的发展得到更明显表现的学科有              。

[A] 社会学和化学                                        [B] 物理学和心理学

[C] 社会学和心理学                                      [D] 物理学和化学

52. We can infer from the passage that ________.

[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation

[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

我们可以从文中推断出                 。

[A] 专业细化和职业化之间几乎没有区别

[B] 在科学的一些领域，业余人员可以与专业人员竞争

[C] 专业人员往往欢迎业余人员加入科学界

[D] 业余人员有全国性的学术组织，却没有地方性的组织

53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.

[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation

[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

作者描述地质学的发展是为了说明                        。

[A] 专业细化和职业化的过程

[B] 业余人员在科研中经历的艰辛

[C] 科学论文发表政策的变化

[D] 专业人员对于业余人员的歧视

54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________.

[A] the development in communication            

[B] the growth of professionalisation

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge   

[D] the splitting up of academic societies

专业化的直接理由是               。

[A] 沟通的发展                                                   

[B] 职业化的发展

[C] 科学知识的扩张                                            

[D] 学术团体的分裂