第一宗罪 因果无关

The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that __ and the claim that____. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, ___

第二宗罪 前因后果

This argument commits the fallacy, which assumes that B ha been caused by A, just because the second event follows the first. The causal claim based on the correlation is premature unless the author can rule out other factors. Perhaps, for example, ____

第三宗罪 无理假设

The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that___. However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. For example, it is most likely that ____. Therefore, the argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.

第四宗罪 错误类比

The author claims that____, because _______. The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time/location. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same from place to place/over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B. For example, A; however, B. Thus, it is impossible to conclude that ____.

第五宗罪 不明调查

The conclusion unreasonably relies on the survey that ____. The survey cited is too vague to be informative. The claim does not provide sufficient evidence to confirm the reliability of that survey, because it fail to indicate who conducted the survey, who responded, or how the survey was conducted to lend credibility to the claim. Until these questions are answered, the results are worthless and the validity is doubtful.

第六宗罪 样本不足

The evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. The example cites that ___, while suggestion of that is in sufficient to warrant the truth, because there is no reason to believe that the date is representative of the ___. For example, it is possible that ____. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is misleading to draw any conclusion at all.

第七宗罪 急于概括

In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if _____, which is an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that___. The arguer does not provide any solid information concerning ___. Unless ____, which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that ___. Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot confidently conclude that___.