1. Excess Capacity 超额产能(成为一种commitment)

2. Product Proliferation 产品多样化

3. Predatory Pricing 掠夺式定价

4. Cost Advantage 建立成本优势(含 Scale Economies)

5. Limit Pricing 限制竞争定价

6. Contracting 订定长期契约

7. Reputation 建立信誉

8. Merger and Acquisition 购并

9. Network Effect 网络效果

10. Research and Development 研发