加载中…澳洲惨无人道的种族灭绝
(2009-07-12 09:51:55)
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音乐岛民罗宾逊塔斯马尼亚岛种族屠杀杂谈 |
种族灭绝
塔斯马尼亚岛民与欧洲人的首次接触就以悲剧收场，所以一八○○年左右英国猎捕海豹的人与拓垦的 人一到达岛上，就与塔斯马尼亚岛民发生冲突。白人诱捕岛民的孩童做劳工，诱拐岛民妇女，伤害或杀害男人，乱闯岛民的猎场，并尝试驱赶岛民离开家园。这麼一 来，冲突升高，「生存空间」之论甚嚣尘上。在人类历史上，「生存空间」是最常见的「灭族屠杀」口实。由於白人的诱拐，一八三○年十一月，塔斯马尼亚东北部 的岛民，只剩下七十二个成年男人、三个成年女人。没有小孩。一个牧羊人以钉枪打死十九个岛民。另外四个牧羊人伏击一群岛民，杀了三十人、将尸体丢下悬崖， 就是今日的胜利山（Victory Hill）。
塔斯马尼亚岛民当然会报复，然后白人报复，如此冤冤相报。一八二八年四月，澳洲总督亚瑟为了阻 止冲突继续升高，下令所有塔斯马尼亚岛民离开有欧洲人屯垦的地区。为了确定命令生效，政府支持的「清乡队」（由罪犯组成，警察带队）四处巡查，格杀勿论。 一八二八年十一月，澳洲总督颁布戒严令，军人有权见到岛民就开枪，不问情由。然后，政府悬捕捉岛民：活口成人五镑、孩童两镑。因此「捕捉黑人」成为一门生 意，私人与公家「清乡队」都很起劲。同时，政府组成委员会，由澳洲的英国国教副主教主持，研拟对待土著的政策。许多建议都在委员会中提出，例如捕捉他们做 奴隶、毒杀、设陷阱、以狗追猎，等等，最后委员会决议：继续悬赏与雇用骑警。
一八三○年，出现了一位怪胎传教士罗宾逊（George Augustus Robinson），他给雇来集合剩下的塔斯马尼亚岛民，将他们带到五十公里之外的富林德岛上（Flinders Island）。罗宾逊相信他是为了岛民好，才那麼做。他收了前金三百英镑，事成后有七百英镑「后谢」。罗宾逊在塔斯马尼亚岛上历尽艰辛、危险，并有一位 勇敢的土著女性楚噶妮妮（Truganini）协助，才把剩馀的岛民集拢起来－－起先劝告他们「如果不从，将遭遇更恶劣的命运」，最后以枪胁迫。罗宾逊的 俘虏，许多死在前往富林德岛的途中，可是大约两百人到达了－－先前五千人口的劫馀。
在富林德岛上，罗宾逊的屯垦区选在风大又缺水的地点，他决心让塔斯马尼亚岛民学习文明，成为基 督徒。他把屯垦区管理得像个监狱，子女与父母隔离，以方便教化。每天的「课表」包括：研读圣经、唱圣诗、检查床褥与餐具（确保整齐清洁）。不过，监狱饮食 造成营养不良，加上疾病，岛民逐渐死亡。几个星期后，只有几个婴儿还活著。政府删减了屯垦区的预算，希望岛民死乾净。到了一八六九年，只剩下楚噶妮妮、一 位男性、一位女性还活著。
George Bass (1771-1803?) explored the east coast of Australia. Together with Flinders, he sailed more than 18 000 kilometres exploring the coastline of Australia and proved that Tasmania was an island. Bass was born in England and arrived in Sydney in 1795. In 1803, he disappeared after he sailed into the Pacific Ocean with a cargo that he wanted to sell in South America. Some people believe he was captured by the Spanish and forced to work in mines in Peru.
Soon after they arrived in Australia, Bass and Flinders explored the coastline south of Sydney in a tiny boat called the Tom Thumb. Bass who was 24 was a surgeon and Flinders who was only 21 was a sailor. Both were very adventurous. Very few people would have had the courage to sail into the open sea in such a small boat. During this trip they explored the land south of Sydney and found land suitable for settlement.
In 1797 Bass left Sydney in a whaleboat. He took with him 6 sailors and 6 weeks' supply of food.Before reaching Western Port, he came across a party of 7 escaped convicts and promised to rescue them on his return. He then sailed on to Western Port on the southern coast of Australia. Strong winds forced him to stay here for nearly 2 weeks. Bass suspected that there must be a strait of water separating the mainland from Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's land). He rescued the convicts on his way back and sailed back to Port Jackson, after exploring 300 miles of previously unknown coastline.
In 1798, Bass and Flinders set off in the Norfolk to sail around Van Diemen's Land. The Norfolk was the first boat to be built in the colony and was built by the prisoners on Norfolk Island. Bass and Flinders discovered and explored the Tamar River. They then spent another 3 weeks mapping the north coast of Tasmania before they sailed down the west coast. They sailed down the Derwent River where Hobart now stands and then set sail for Sydney. They had proved that Van Diemen's Land was an island by sailing right round it. Flinders named the strait, Bass Strait, after George Bass. The discovery of this strait meant that ships could save days when sailing to England, by sailing straight along the south coast, rather than right around the bottom of Tasmania. This was their last voyage together. Bass sailed from Sydney in 1803 to travel to South America. He disappeared and was never heard of again.
塔斯马尼亚岛民与欧洲人的首次接触就以悲剧收场，所以一八○○年左右英国猎捕海豹的人与拓垦的 人一到达岛上，就与塔斯马尼亚岛民发生冲突。白人诱捕岛民的孩童做劳工，诱拐岛民妇女，伤害或杀害男人，乱闯岛民的猎场，并尝试驱赶岛民离开家园。这麼一 来，冲突升高，「生存空间」之论甚嚣尘上。在人类历史上，「生存空间」是最常见的「灭族屠杀」口实。由於白人的诱拐，一八三○年十一月，塔斯马尼亚东北部 的岛民，只剩下七十二个成年男人、三个成年女人。没有小孩。一个牧羊人以钉枪打死十九个岛民。另外四个牧羊人伏击一群岛民，杀了三十人、将尸体丢下悬崖， 就是今日的胜利山（Victory Hill）。
塔斯马尼亚岛民当然会报复，然后白人报复，如此冤冤相报。一八二八年四月，澳洲总督亚瑟为了阻 止冲突继续升高，下令所有塔斯马尼亚岛民离开有欧洲人屯垦的地区。为了确定命令生效，政府支持的「清乡队」（由罪犯组成，警察带队）四处巡查，格杀勿论。 一八二八年十一月，澳洲总督颁布戒严令，军人有权见到岛民就开枪，不问情由。然后，政府悬捕捉岛民：活口成人五镑、孩童两镑。因此「捕捉黑人」成为一门生 意，私人与公家「清乡队」都很起劲。同时，政府组成委员会，由澳洲的英国国教副主教主持，研拟对待土著的政策。许多建议都在委员会中提出，例如捕捉他们做 奴隶、毒杀、设陷阱、以狗追猎，等等，最后委员会决议：继续悬赏与雇用骑警。
一八三○年，出现了一位怪胎传教士罗宾逊（George Augustus Robinson），他给雇来集合剩下的塔斯马尼亚岛民，将他们带到五十公里之外的富林德岛上（Flinders Island）。罗宾逊相信他是为了岛民好，才那麼做。他收了前金三百英镑，事成后有七百英镑「后谢」。罗宾逊在塔斯马尼亚岛上历尽艰辛、危险，并有一位 勇敢的土著女性楚噶妮妮（Truganini）协助，才把剩馀的岛民集拢起来－－起先劝告他们「如果不从，将遭遇更恶劣的命运」，最后以枪胁迫。罗宾逊的 俘虏，许多死在前往富林德岛的途中，可是大约两百人到达了－－先前五千人口的劫馀。
在富林德岛上，罗宾逊的屯垦区选在风大又缺水的地点，他决心让塔斯马尼亚岛民学习文明，成为基 督徒。他把屯垦区管理得像个监狱，子女与父母隔离，以方便教化。每天的「课表」包括：研读圣经、唱圣诗、检查床褥与餐具（确保整齐清洁）。不过，监狱饮食 造成营养不良，加上疾病，岛民逐渐死亡。几个星期后，只有几个婴儿还活著。政府删减了屯垦区的预算，希望岛民死乾净。到了一八六九年，只剩下楚噶妮妮、一 位男性、一位女性还活著。
George Bass (1771-1803?) explored the east coast of Australia. Together with Flinders, he sailed more than 18 000 kilometres exploring the coastline of Australia and proved that Tasmania was an island. Bass was born in England and arrived in Sydney in 1795. In 1803, he disappeared after he sailed into the Pacific Ocean with a cargo that he wanted to sell in South America. Some people believe he was captured by the Spanish and forced to work in mines in Peru.
Soon after they arrived in Australia, Bass and Flinders explored the coastline south of Sydney in a tiny boat called the Tom Thumb. Bass who was 24 was a surgeon and Flinders who was only 21 was a sailor. Both were very adventurous. Very few people would have had the courage to sail into the open sea in such a small boat. During this trip they explored the land south of Sydney and found land suitable for settlement.
In 1797 Bass left Sydney in a whaleboat. He took with him 6 sailors and 6 weeks' supply of food.Before reaching Western Port, he came across a party of 7 escaped convicts and promised to rescue them on his return. He then sailed on to Western Port on the southern coast of Australia. Strong winds forced him to stay here for nearly 2 weeks. Bass suspected that there must be a strait of water separating the mainland from Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's land). He rescued the convicts on his way back and sailed back to Port Jackson, after exploring 300 miles of previously unknown coastline.
In 1798, Bass and Flinders set off in the Norfolk to sail around Van Diemen's Land. The Norfolk was the first boat to be built in the colony and was built by the prisoners on Norfolk Island. Bass and Flinders discovered and explored the Tamar River. They then spent another 3 weeks mapping the north coast of Tasmania before they sailed down the west coast. They sailed down the Derwent River where Hobart now stands and then set sail for Sydney. They had proved that Van Diemen's Land was an island by sailing right round it. Flinders named the strait, Bass Strait, after George Bass. The discovery of this strait meant that ships could save days when sailing to England, by sailing straight along the south coast, rather than right around the bottom of Tasmania. This was their last voyage together. Bass sailed from Sydney in 1803 to travel to South America. He disappeared and was never heard of again.
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