美国东部时间2023 年7月 19日下午 

作者：苏夫拉特·科塔里

一份新报告记录了中国成功的电动汽车攻势，以及它如何为其他国家树立了榜样。

2023 年 300 月，中国汽车制造商售出超过五十万辆插电式汽车，单月数量惊人。相比之下，美国汽车制造商在 2023年第二季度销售了约 三十万辆纯电动汽车 （BEV），在与中国竞争之前还有很长的路要走。

中国的电动汽车热潮是由对充电基础设施和制造业的强劲投资、激励措施和友好的电动汽车政策推动的。虽然电动汽车的努力受到激励，但制造污染车辆会受到惩罚，彭博社在其新报告中称之为胡萝卜加大棒的方法。

那么胡萝卜是什么？首先，中国的消费者激励措施持续了十年，为买家提供了高达六万元人民币（8，375美元）的补贴。尽管国家计划于2025 年结束，但上海等城市的地方激励措施继续提供高达 一万元人民币（1 ，383美元）。

其次，价格低于30万元人民币（41，500美元）的新能源汽车（NEV）2026年以前将继续受益于10%的税收减免，直到2026年和2027年将降低为5%。到2027年底，中国的税收减免总额将达到835亿元人民币（115亿美元）。

这些激励措施促进了比亚迪、上汽、吉利、蔚来、小鹏等品牌的崛起。甚至特斯拉也将中国作为其最大的市场之一。比亚迪Song Plus和Qin Plus，特斯拉Model 3和Model Y以及广汽Aion S是中国最受欢迎的车型，它们有几个有能力的竞争对手。

美国也在加大力度，《降低通货膨胀法案》为电动汽车购买和制造提供了270亿美元的税收减免。

此外，充电器在中国更容易获得。截至 2023 年 5月底，中国已建造了 636万个充电器，比其他任何国家都多。此外，报告指出，收费标准是统一的，基础设施是政府补贴的。

充电网络的很大一部分是国家电网的一部分 - 中国第四大供应商 - 仅次于王邦新能源投资集团和TGood New Energy等私营企业。

至于棍子，内燃机汽车在中国正在失去吸引力。为了限制道路上的汽车数量，北京有一个车牌抽签系统，从设计上迎合电动汽车。例如，北京市交通委员会将于今年在首都发放十万个新车牌，其中七成是为电动汽车预留的。

同样，上海国际商品拍卖有限公司（SICA）也有自己的计划来限制道路上的汽车。中国金融之都的内燃机购车者必须参加每月拍卖才能注册他们的车辆。客户不得不以 92，500 元人民币（13，000 美元）的平均拍卖价格才能在 2022 年 4 月注册他们的汽油或柴油汽车，而他们成功的机会仅为百分之五点八。

同时，SICA免费为PHEV和NEV提供绿色牌照。据报道，从 2023 年1月起，PHEV 车牌的处理方式与 ICE 车辆相同，进一步强制执行全电动汽车。

最后，一种称为双学分政策的监管方法，部分基于加州的零排放车辆（ZEV）计划，为制造商提供达到燃油效率目标的信用，以及对违规行为的处罚。如果他们没有达到目标，他们可以从另一家汽车制造商购买积分来抵消他们的赤字。

来源：彭博社

原文

How China Raced Past The Rest Of The World With Its Explosive EV Boom

Incentives for zero-emissions vehicles and penalties for polluting ICE cars are driving the EV industry in China.

Jul 19, 2023 at 1:43pm ET

By: Suvrat Kothari

A new report chronicles China’s successful EV offensive, and how it set the benchmark for other nations to follow.

Carmakers in China sold over half a million plug-in vehicles in May 2023, a staggering figure for a single month. In comparison, US automakers sold about 300,000 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in Q2 2023, and have a long way to go before they can compete with China.

The country’s EV boom is driven by robust investment in charging infrastructure and manufacturing, incentives, and friendly EV policies. And while EV efforts are incentivized, manufacturing polluting vehicles is penalized, which Bloomberg called a carrot-and-stick approach in its new report.

So what are the carrots? Firstly, China’s consumer incentives ran for a decade, offering buyers up to 60,000 yuan ($8,375) in subsidies. Even though the national program ended in 2022, local incentives in cities like Shanghai continue to offer up to 10,000 yuan ($1,383) in rebates.

Secondly, new energy vehicles (NEVs) priced under 300,000 yuan ($41,500) will continue to benefit from a 10 percent tax waiver till 2025, which will be reduced to five percent for 2026 and 2027. China’s total tax breaks will amount to 835 billion yuan ($115 billion) by the end of 2027.

The incentives contributed to the rise of brands like BYD, SAIC, Geely, Nio, Xpeng, and more. Even Tesla has China as one of its largest markets. The BYD Song Plus and Qin Plus, Tesla Model 3 and Model Y, and GAC Aion S are some of the most popular models in China, which have several capable competitors. 

Efforts are ramping up in the US as well, with the Inflation Reduction Act laying out $270B in tax breaks for EV purchases and manufacturing.

Moreover, chargers are more accessible in China. The country had built 6.36 million chargers by the end of May 2023, more than any other country. Additionally, charging standards are uniform, and infrastructure is government-subsidized, the report states.

A significant portion of the charging network is part of the state grid – the country’s fourth largest provider – behind private players like Wangbang New Energy Investment Group and TGood New Energy.

As for the sticks, ICE vehicles are losing their appeal in China. To limit the number of cars on the road, Beijing has a license plate lottery system, which by design caters to EVs. For instance, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport is granting 100,000 new license plates in the capital in 2023, of which 70 percent are reserved for EVs.

Similarly, the Shanghai International Commodity Auction Co. (SICA) has its own program to limit cars on the road. ICE car buyers in China's financial capital have to enter a monthly auction to get their vehicles registered. Customers had to cough up an average auction price of 92,500 yuan ($13,000) to get their gas or diesel cars registered in April 2022, and their chance of success was only 5.8 percent.

Meanwhile, SICA offered green plates for PHEVs and NEVs for free. January 2023 onwards, PHEV license plates were reportedly being treated the same way as ICE vehicles, further enforcing all-electric vehicles.

And lastly, a regulatory approach called the dual-credit policy, partially based on California’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Program, offers manufacturers credits for meeting fuel efficiency targets, and penalties for non-compliance. If they don’t meet the targets, they can buy credits from another automaker to offset their deficits.

Source: Bloomberg