阅读理解之“细节理解”题解题指导(2016.06)

细节理解题是指原文提到了某事实、现象或理论，而题干则针对原文的具体叙述设问，属于浅层次的理解题，难度较低，但在中考中却占有很大比重。同学们解答细节题时，需要在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，发现文章中的细节信息，然后遵循由整体到细节的原则，把握作者的思路，按全文—段落—词语的步骤来解题。

一、命题特点

事实细节题的考点非常明确，考点通常集中在以下几处：

1. 列举信息。

文章中first, second, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等并列关系出现的地方，常会要求考生从所列的内容中选择符合题干要求的选项。

2. 举例与打比方。

要注意那些引出例子或比喻的标志词，如as, such as, for example, for instance等，用于引出具体事实，使文章观点更具说服力。这些事例就是常考的细节之处。

3. 指示代词出现。

这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系。

4. 引用人物论断。

作者为使论点更有依据，常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。

5. 特殊标点符号后的内容。

因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明，因此，注意到这些标点，也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。

另外，细节理解题的选项也很有特点：通常正确答案不是照搬的原文。而干扰选项则正好相反，有的来自原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；有的符合常识，但不符合原文内容；有的与原句内容极为相似，是在程度上有些变动；有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；也有的是部分正确或部分错误。

二、解题方法

1. 跳读查找法。

这个方法的要点在于先看题干，然后带着问题读文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how 提问的问题，可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号，加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率，节省宝贵的时间。一般来说，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。

另外，运用跳读查找法解题时，要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看，很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，通常要进行一定的处理，而这种“处理”主要就是进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。

1. (辽宁大连) The first subway line for Stockholm was opened in 1950. The Stockholm Subway is well–known for its decoration of the stations. It is called the longest art gallery in the world. Over 90 percent of its stations are decorated with paintings.

·Which subway is called the longest art gallery in the world?

A. The Beijing Subway                                   B. The Stockholm Subway

C. The London Underground                          D. The New York City Subway.

【解析】B。看到题目，知道重点应快速搜寻the longest art gallery，并最终确定答案为B。

2. (重庆) Sometimes the easiest way to get somewhere is on the back of a bike.

More and more people are using cars in many places in Africa today. However, things are different in Malawi. Bikes are the most popular in this African country.

·In Malawi ______ are the most popular way for people to get somewhere.

A. cars                      B. bikes                       C. trains                    D. buses

【解析】B。运用“跳读查找法”来寻找这道题目的关键，一个是地名Malawi，另一个是题目中询问的way (方式)，所以要快速浏览这段文字中出现地名Malawi的地方在第2段第2句话，接下来的一句就是对这个地方的介绍：Bikes are the most popular in this African country，所以本题选B。另外，在做题目以前，也可以进行猜测，文章的第一段通常都会是本文要进行描述的重点，如本文直接点题Sometimes the easiest way to get somewhere is on the back of a bike，引出自行车这一话题，所以在做这个题目时可以提前推测为B。

3. (北京) Last year, I worked in a middle school near my mother’s house, and I stayed with her for a month. During that time, I helped her do some housework and buy some food.

After the first week, I noticed that the food was eaten up very quickly. Then I began keeping an eye on my mum. To my surprise, I found that she would put some of the food into a paper bag and go out with it at about nine every morning. And finally, I decided to follow her. I saw her taking the food to the street children. She would also spend a lot of time talking and playing with them…

·After the first week, the writer noticed that ______.

A. the food was put into a big box                   B. his mum followed the children

C. the food was eaten up quickly                    D. his mum stopped buying food

【解析】C。运用“跳读查找法”来寻找这道题的关键词，就在“After the first week”这个时间点上，所以回到原文找到这个关键词，然后会发现，正确答案就在附近。

4. (安徽) Research says that husband do not do their fair share of work around the house. A study from an American university says that men seldom do the same share of housework. Researchers interviewed 182 working couples who became first-time parents. Both husbands and wives worked almost the same number of hours in full-time jobs. However, men did five hours a week less housework than women after their baby was born.

·It is found that ______ do less housework.

A. wives                     B. husbands         C. parents                  D. babies

【解析】B。题干问的是谁做的家务比较少，用的表达法是do less housework，我们回到原文第一句husbands do not do their fair share of work around the house，这句表明，研究人员认为丈夫没有做到（和他们的妻子）平分家务，即do their fair share of work。题干和原文之间涉及到语义的转换，即将do not do their fair share of work around the house转化成了do less housework，表达方式发生了变化，但意思并未改变。所以正确答案是B。

2. 排除法。

排序题也属于事实细节题的一种题型，它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词，如first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读，可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时，首先要确定首或尾的答案，通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似，正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择，找到两者的不同之处，回到原文，进行核对，一旦确定，后面的排序就不用再比较了。

5. (湖北十堰) Scientists have learned a lot about the kinds of food people need. They say that there are several kinds of food that people should eat every day. They are: (1) green and yellow vegetables of all kinds; (2) citrus (柑桔) fruits and tomatoes; (3) potatoes and other fruits and vegetables; (4) meat of all kinds, fish and eggs; (5) milk and foods made from milk; (6) bread or cereal (谷物), rice is also in this kind of food; (7) butter, or something like butter.

·From the first paragraph we know noodles belong to a kind of ______ food.

A. vegetable              B. fruit                         C. meat                     D. cereal

【解析】D。这道题更像是一道常识题，面食究竟属于哪一类？A项指“蔬菜”一类，应排除；B项指“水果”一类，也不对；C项指“肉类”，也不符合；最后只能是D项了，指“谷类食品”，对应文中的第(6)条。

6. (山东烟台) Once there was a huge apple tree. A little boy loved to come and play around it every day. He loved the tree and the tree loved to play with him.

Time went by – the little boy had grown up and he no longer played around the tree every day. One day, the boy came back to the tree and he looked sad. “Come and play with me,” the tree asked the boy. “I’m no longer a kid. I wouldn’t play around the tree any more,” the boy replied. “I want toys. I need money to buy them.” “Sorry, I don’t have money. But you can pick all my apples and sell them. So, you will have money.” The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily. The boy never came back after he picked the apples.

·Why did the boy pick all the apples on the tree? Because ______.

A. he wanted to eat them                                B. he needed money to buy toys

C. he liked the tree without apples                   D. he wanted to share them with friends

【解析】B。运用“排除法”来做题，最简单的办法就是选项放入题干中是合适的、有道理的。本题中，A项表达的意思是“他想把那些苹果都吃完”，但是看题干中的all the apples就知道这是不合常理的，即使再怎么饥饿，也不会把所有的苹果都吃完；C项“他喜欢没有苹果的树”，表达出来的意思是对苹果很不满意，但是从文中的句子The boy picked all the apples on the tree and left happily.可知，小男孩摘到苹果后是很高兴地离开了，绝对不是讨厌苹果的含义，排除C；这段文字中并没有出现friends这一词，所以应与朋友无关，排除D；只有B项是最有可能的，因缺钱买玩具，所以才去摘苹果并卖掉用来买玩具，这从文中的句子I want toys. I need money to buy them也能得到确认。

7. (浙江杭州) Teenager Jake Deham was skiing with his family in the USA when he fell over and lost one of his skis. His family didn’t know that he had a problem. They kept on skiing. When they got to the foot of the mountain, there was no sign of Jake.

Jake couldn’t find his ski anywhere. In the end, he decided to take off his other ski and walk down the mountain. But he couldn’t work out the right way to go.

It was now getting dark and he was a long way from any place of safety. He knew that he might die that night in the cold temperatures. But Jake kept calm. At home, Jake watched a lot of programs about living in difficult situations. He remembered the advice from these programs and knew that he should build a hole in the snow. He made a hole and pointed it up the hill so the wind couldn’t blow into it. Outside his hole, the temperature fell to a dangerous -15℃ that night, but inside it Jake was safe from the cold.

But he had to get down the mountain. The TV programs always said, “If you are lost, you should find someone else’s tracks (足迹) through the snow and follow them.” “I wanted to live my life.” remembers Jake. “So I got up and I found some ski tracks and I followed those.” He walked and walked and finally he saw lights. Nine hours after he lost his ski, he found a team of workers who came to save him. He was safe!

His mum was very happy when she heard the news. Amazingly, Jake didn’t even have to go to hospital. He got through the terrible experience without any injuries.

So, the next time someone says that watching TV is a waste of time, think of Jake. Sometimes TV can save your life!

·What was the correct order in which these events happened?

a. Jake made a hole in the snow.                     b. Jake lost one of his skis.

c. Jake finally saw lights.                                 d. He followed some lights.

A. d-b-a-c                 B. a-b-c-d                   C. b-a-d-c                 D. c-b-a-d

【解析】C。这道题其实非常简单，因为排序的四个选项都不同，只要确定首个事件是哪一个，正确答案就出来了。第一段第一句表明Jack在滑雪时摔倒了，lost one of his skis，所以对照选项b排第一个的就是正确答案。如果同学们不放心，还可以继续往下验证。

3. 简单计算法。

数字计算题要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算，以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时，考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么，然后找到与它相关的数字，再对它们进行分析、整合，最后计算出正确答案。

8. (湖北荆门)                          Main Dishes

Cheeseburger ￥5.2                                                          Big Mac ￥10.4

Mc Chicken ￥5 (50% off until Feb 24)                      Fillet-o-fish ￥9.9

·How much did you need to pay for one McChicken before?

A. ￥5.                     B. ￥10.                     C.￥2.5.                    D. ￥50.

【解析】B。重点根据“McChicken：￥5 (50% off until Feb 24)”可知，在2月24号以前有50% 的优惠，即优惠后的价格是￥5，所以原价应是￥10。

9. (内蒙古呼和浩特) Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you couldn’t see. Imagine having to read this page, not with your eyes but with your fingers. How do you feel, then?

With medical knowledge and skills today, two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind people should not have to suffer. Unluckily, rich countries have this knowledge, but developing countries do not…

·How many blind people should not have to suffer with medical knowledge and skills today?

A. 14 million               B. 42 million         C. 28 million         D. 200 million

【解析】C。这道题如果不仔细看原文，很容易选择B选项，因为原文提到了42 million 这个数字，但仔细看“two-thirds of the world’s 42 million blind people”这个关键信息会知道，此处意思是“全世界42 million 的盲人，有三分之二……”，所以正确答案应该是42 million的三分之二，即28 million。

三、注意要点

细节题在阅读理解中占比重很大，阅读时要特别注意以下几点：

首先，阅读时利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等，把握文章的思路和脉络。另外，在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词least (最不)，always (总是)，never (永不)，all (所有)，none (一个也不)，any (任何) 和表示唯一性的词汇only (只有), just (仅仅)，往往是命题的陷阱，因此要多加注意。

其次，必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。

最后，文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点，此类题目很少是文章中直接列出的数字或日期，通常需要做简单的计算。

总而言之，只要掌握了解题技巧并不断练习，就能在考试中取得好成绩。

细节理解题专项训练

Passage 1

Tea tree oil comes from the tea tree. The tree only grows in Northern New South Wales in Australia. We can find this kind of oil in the cells of the leaves. People there have used the oil for thousands of years. And there are stories of a “magical lagoon (神奇的环礁湖)”. People can find tea tree leaves there. Nowadays, every family in Australia has tea tree oil. It can help with everything from bad breath to all kinds of skin disease.

1. Tea tree can grow in ______.

A. America                               B. Austria                                  C. Australia

2. When did people in Northern South Wales begin to use tea tree oil?

A. Hundreds of years ago.         B. Thousands of years ago. C. Millions of years ago.

Passage 2

American boys and girls love to watch television. Some children spend six hours a day in school and four to six hours a day in front of the television set. Some even watch television for eight hours or more on Sunday.

3. Some children spend eight hours or more ______ on Sunday.

      A. studying                B. playing                    C. watching TV           D. helping their parents

Passage 3

You can collect stamps from letters, ask your friends to let you have their old stamps, or you can buy used stamps. When you get a letter with a stamp on it, carefully cut out the stamp. Leave lots of space around the stamp so that you will not damage it. Put the stamp in water and wait until you can safely remove the stamp. Carefully remove the stamp off the letter. Place the wet stamp between two clean pieces of paper. A stamp can get wrinkled (褶皱的) when it dries, so put some books on top.

4. What’s the correct order when we try to get a stamp on a letter?

①Remove the stamp off the letter.    ②Place the wet stamp between two pieces of paper.

③Cut out the stamp.          ④Put the stamp in water.           ⑤Put some books on top.

A. ①→②→⑤→③→④                             B. ③→④→①→②→⑤

C. ④→①→②→⑤→③                             D. ③→①→④→②→⑤

Passage 4

Kite surfing as a water sport began in the 1980s, but didn’t get popular until the end of last century. It is also known as kite boarding, and in some European countries as fly surfing. Kite surfing works through wind power (动力) by using a large kite to pull a rider on the water at high speed.

5. Kite surfing has a history of about ______ years.

A. 30                                      B. 50                                       C. 100

Passage 5

I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mother in the whole world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have porridge, eggs or toast. When others had Cokes and candy for lunch, I had to eat a sandwich. But at least I wasn’t alone when I was sad. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did.

6. How many children does the writer’s mother have?

A. Four.                     B. Two.                      C. Three.                    D. Six.

Passage 6

A topiary gardener should make a drawing first. The drawing shows the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener then chooses a bush for the topiary. It may be one that just planted or one that is already in place.

In June of the plant’s first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves grow, it’s time to shape (给……造型) the bottom of the bush. It needs about five years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole bush.

7. Put the following in the right order according to the passage.

      a. The gardener chooses a bush for the topiary.

b. The whole bush grows tall enough for shaping.

c. The gardener begins to shape the bottom of the bush.

d. The gardener draws the shape of a topiary.

A. d→a→b→c           B. b→c→a→d           C. a→d→c→b          D. d→a→c→b

Passage 7

When we cut down the rainforests, we destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000.

8. The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was ______ of that in 1900.

A. half                       B. one-third                 C. two-fifths              D. one-fifth

Passage 8

Li Shizhen was born in 1518. His father was a poor doctor. Li Shizhen often saw that people fell ill. He decided to study medicine so that he could be able to help people…

9. Li Shizhen’s father was ______.

A. a soldier                 B. a doctor                  C. a teacher                D. a peasant

Passage 9

Jack is a clerk of a bookstore. Here is the note from his boss, Ben. Jack has to decide what books to order according to the following note and the descriptions of the books.

Hi Jack,

You must hand in the order list of books to me by the first working day of every month...

10. Jack must hand in the order list to his boss by ______.

A. the first day of last August                           B. the last working day of this month

C. the last day of next August                          D. the first working day of each month

参考答案及解析

细节理解题专项训练

1. C。从in 及选项中三个单词可以看出，要选种植茶树的地方。从本段文字第2句The tree only grows in Northern New South Wales in Australia.可以看出，地点是在Australia (澳大利亚)，因此对照选项可知选C。应该特别注意的细节是：B选项Austria拼写相似，但却表示奥地利，是完全不同的两个国家。

2. B。考查 when的细节理解题。查看原文第4句People there have used the oil for thousands of years可知，是在数千年以前，因此选B。hundred, thousand, million虽一词之差，失之毫厘，谬以千里。

3. C。周日，孩子们通常希望更加放松，本段文字从开头就是关于看电视的，因此A、B、D项基本可以排除。从最后一句也可以看出，应该选C。

4. B。本题是一个排序题，看似复杂，其实用排除法做，可以省略很多步骤。从文中When you get a letter with a stamp on it, carefully cut out the stamp可知，首先是把邮票小心地剪切下来，正是③所描述的，所以排除A和C选项。接下来是Put the stamp in water and wait until you can safely remove the stamp放入水中，正是④所描述的，因此排除D选项。可以不考虑后面的步骤直接选择B。

5. A。由第一句可知始于20世纪80年代，迄今为止，可计算出大约有30年的历史，所以答案选A。

6. A。题干的特殊疑问词是how many，文章没有直接点明有几个孩子，但是锁定文章第一段的最后一句My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did，便可得知作者有一个姐妹和两个兄弟，最后还要记得把作者计算在内，这也是很多学生解题时容易忽略的地方，故答案为A。

7. D。从第一段的第一句话make a drawing first，确定d排在首，因此排除B、C选项，将答案锁定在A和D中。由两个选项可知，确定b、c的先后顺序为关键点，由第二段第2句和第5句话，可确定c在前，所以答案为D。

8. D。由文章可知，1900年时住在亚马逊森林的人的数量是1,000,000，而1980年人数仅为200,000，200,000是1,000,000的1/5，所以答案为D。

9. B。本题属于典型的从文中直接获取事实的细节题。从原文的His father was a poor doctor可以直接获得本题的答案。

10. D。本题是对具体事实中的时间概念进行设问，但是并不是直接引用文中的句子，而是通过人称、角色的转换而变相设置考点。句子You must hand in the order list of books to me by the first working day of every month是老板写给Jack必须要做的事情，而题干直接询问Jack必须做的事情，因此D是正确答案，提示：不论是题干中的by还是原文句子中的by都提供了直接获取信息的要素。