宾语从句 

    宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：

   He said （that） he wanted to stay at home.

     She doesn't know （that）she is seriously ill.

     I am sure （that） he will succeed.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：

   Do you know who（whom）they are waiting for?

   He asked whose handwriting was the best.

   Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?

   I don't know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：

   I want to know if（whether）he lives there.

   He asked me whether（if）I could help him.

【宾语从句歌诀】

宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。

展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。

主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。

陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。

特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。

三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。

留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。

【歌诀解码】

一、三姊妹

宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：

  1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如

     We knew（that）we should learn from each other.

  2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如

     Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.

  3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：

     Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office? 

二、三关

1. 引导词关

    如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。

2. 语序关

  ①陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：

    He is an honest boy. The teacher said. →The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.

  ②一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：

    Does he work hard? I wonder. →I wonder if/whether he works hard.

    When did he leave? I don’t know. →I don’t know when he left.

3. 时态关

  ①如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：

    I have heard（that）he will come back next week.

  ②如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：

    He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.

注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：

      He said that light travels much faster than sound. 

三、人称的变化和标点的使用

  1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：

  “May I use your knife?” He asked me. →He asked me if he might use my knife.

  “Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me.

→He asked me if I know her telephone number.

  2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：

  Who will give us a talk? I don’t know. →I don’t know who will give us a talk.

  Do you know? Where does he live? →Do you know where he lives? 

四、两副面孔

    if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：

    If it rains tomorrow, I won’t come.（时间状语从句）

    I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句） 

五、从句的简化

  1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：

  She found that the wallet was lying on the ground.

  →She found the wallet lying on the ground.

  2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：

  She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →She agreed to help me with my maths.

  3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：

  Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →Can you tell me how to get to the station?

【中考范例】

1. Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2002.

  A. where does she live       B. Where she lives

  C. where did she live        D. where she lived   （北京市中考试题）

【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。

2. Would you please tell me ________?  （上海市徐汇区中考试题）

  A. when did he come home   B. where he would play football

  C. if he had seen the film     D. why he didn’t watch the game

    【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。

3. I don’t know when __________.

  A. will the train leave         B. the train will leave

  C. would the train leave       D. the train leave  （哈尔滨市中考试题）

    【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。

4. ---We don’t know _____________.

  ---It is said that he was born in Sweden.   （常州市中考试题）

  A. what he is                  B. if he lives here

  C. where he comes from         D. which country is he from

【解析】答案: C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知：他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对，只有C正确。

来练练吧！

一、选择填空。

（   ）1. What did Mike say? He said ____________________.

        A. if you are free the next week   B. what colour was it

        C. the weather is fine             D. summer comes after spring

（   ）2. Tom asked my friend ________________.

        A. where was he from        B. that the earth is bigger than the moon

        C. when did he come back    D. not to be so angry

（   ）3. Let me tell you __________________.

        A. how much is the car               B. how much does the car cost

        C. how much did I pay for the car    D. how much I spent on the car

（   ）4. Peter knew _______________.

        A. whether he has finished reading the book

        B. why the boy had so many questions

        C. there were 12 months in a year

        D. when they will leave for Paris

（   ）5. Could you tell me ___________?

        A. where do you live           B. who you are waiting for

        C. who were you waiting for    D. where you live in

（   ）6. She told me the sun ______ in the east.

        A. rise  B. rose  C. rises  D. had risen

（   ）7. I can't understand ______the boy alone.

        A. why she left         B. why did she leave

        C. why she had left     D. why had she left

（   ）8. I don't know ________ up so early last Sunday.

        A. why did he get   B. why he gets   C. why does he get   D. why he got

（   ）9. The manager came up to see __________.

        A. what was the matter    B. what the matter was

        C. what the matter is     D. what's the matter

（   ）10. He asked his father _______.

        A. where it happens   B. where did it happen

        C. how it happened    D. how did it happen

二、将下面的句子连接成为含有宾语从句的复合句。

1. “These flowers are from Guangdong.” Tom said.

   Tom said _______ these flowers _______ from Guangdong.

2. “Light travels faster than sound.” My teacher told Mark.

   My teacher told Mark _____ light _______ faster than sound.

3. “There will be a meeting in five days.” Jack didn’t know.

   Jack didn’t know _____ there _____ ____ a meeting in five days.

4. “Can they speak French?” I want to know.

   I want to know ______ _______ _______ _______ French.

5. “Are the children playing games?” Tell me.

   Tell me ______ the children ______ ______ games.

6. “Have you finished your homework yet?” Mr. Guo asked Sun Jia.

   Mr. Guo asked Sun Jia ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ homework yet.

7. How many people can you see in the picture? Who knows?

   Who knows ______ _____ _____ ____ _____ ______ in the picture?

8. Where did she park her car? Do you know?

   Do you know _____ _____ ____ her car?

9. “What does he often talk about?” Nancy wondered.

   Nancy wondered _____ _____ often ________ about.

10. Who knocked at the door so loudly? I don’t know.

   I don’ t know ____ _______ at the door so loudly. 

三、用合适的连接词填空。

1. Jim told me ____ he didn't go fishing yesterday afternoon.（how, why）

2. Do you know ______ else is going to be on duty today? （who, whom）

3. She said _____ it wouldn't matter much.（that, if）

4. He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）

5. I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）

6. They don't know _______ to go or wait. （if, whether）

7. We are talking about ______ we’ll go back tomorrow. （whether, if）

8. I was really surprised at ______ I saw. （where, what）

9. I don't know ____ so many people are looking at him. （how, why）

10. Do you know ______ you are studying for? （why, what）

四、句型转换。

1. “Do you want to try it?” Tom's mother asked him.（同义句）

   → Tom's mother asked him _______ _______ ______ to try it.

2. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句）

   → I _______ ________ this ________ a good idea.

3. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句）

   → Lucy hasn't decided ________ _________ ________ _______ buy.

4. I don't know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句）

   → I don't know ________ ________ ________ to the hospital.

5. I don’t suppose they will come, _______ ______? （改为反意疑问句）

五、用所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. We are sure that he ________（go）to school tomorrow.

2. Do you know who ______（be）the first man to walk on the moon?

3. Could you tell me where the post office ______（is）?

4. Our father said that he _______（will）buy a new computer.

5. I hear that he _______（swim）in the sea yesterday.

6. The little boy tells us where his father _______（work）.

7. He said that he _________（finish）his work already.

8. They thought they could _______（hike）to the top of the mountain.

9. He was glad that so many people _____（help）him.

10. She doesn’t know whether ________（go）or wait.