基于题材和体裁的写作(genre-based writing)与过程性写作(process writing)

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Genre-based writing和process writing是两种主要的写作教学方式，目前我国各版本英语教科书，无论初中还是高中，在写作板块多以这两种方式进行编写，有的还使用了综合发展（integrated approach to writing）路数，如现行人教高中英语教材。

《牛津英语教学入门》（Introduction to teaching English）一书对上述两种写作教学方式的推介精准、简明，且用词不难，术语不多。一般英语水平的老师应当是可以读懂的。博主与大家分享与此。

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When you teach writing you can show the learners how to produce a particular text type, for example a thank you letter, a business report, or an article, by providing examples of the type of text and helping the learners to see how they are structured and what language is typical of that text type. This is called genre-based writing. You can also focus on the stage a writer goes through to produce text: for example brainstorming ideas, writing a draft, and editing. This is called process writing.

Genre-based writing

When you teach learners how to write a particular type of text you can give them activities to practice accuracy, give them guidance in what to say and how to say it, or allow them to write completely freely. …  

Accuracy activities

Accuracy activities involve a range of writing exercises such as gap fill, recording sentences, combining sentences with appropriate linking words, matching topic sentences and paragraphs, or rewriting texts. These exercises can help students develop the skills of linking ideas between sentences (cohesion), choosing suitable language (appropriacy) and organizing the structure of the text as a whole (coherence) as well as improving grammatical accuracy. …

Guided writing

Guided writing involves giving learners some help with the questions What have I to say? and How can I organize my ideas? Some ways you can do this are by:

• giving a series of pictures that tell a story and asking the learners to write the story
• providing outline notes or key words
• giving a 'model text' so that learners can use an example of the kind of writing they are expected to produce and use it as a pattern for their own text. You can help them by pointing out language that is commonly used in that type of text. …

Process writing

Another way of helping learners to express their ides and organize them logically is through process writing. This means dividing the writing activity into several stages, each of which practices a sub-skill important in writing process, for example:

• brainstorm ideas about what to write
• choose ideas and group them under headings
• order the ideas and plan the structures, for example, introduction, arguments for, arguments against, conclusion
• write rough notes to explain each idea
• write a rough version or draft
• pass it to another learner for feedback
• edit — read through, rewrite, and correct.

 (pp. 118-120, Introduction to teaching English by Jill Hadfield & Charles Hadfield)

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