北京瞬间(113):国家博物馆网站对重要藏品注释的格局应更大

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国家博物馆大英博物馆琅琊刻石罗塞塔石碑格局 |
分类: 北京瞬间思考 |
在国家博物馆展出的秦始皇琅琊刻石和在大英博物馆展出的罗塞塔石碑刻制时间非常相近,是古代中国和古代埃及文明异曲同工的展示。能够都留存到现在,让人感慨。
我注意到,国家博物馆、大英博物馆网站对这两件重器的展示和注释似乎有不同的思路。
国家博物馆的网站文物介绍文字:1、内容相对少。2、有两张图片,信息量较少。3、想要下载收集一些国家博物馆关于文物藏品的基础文字、图片信息不太容易;相比之下,想要下载国家博物馆宣传自己日常工作的新闻信息,很容易。
大英博物馆的网站文物介绍文字:1、内容相对多,甚至有繁复之感,还有供进一步检索相关资料的提示和链接。2、有若干张图片,包括石碑前、后、侧面图,完整石碑的复原示意图,展厅现场图等,为不能到场的观众提供必要的信息,有身临其境之感。3、下载资料方便。
我没有全面或带有统计学意义地核对比较过两家博物馆对藏品介绍,但愿只是孤例。
我认为,国家博物馆应强调公益性职能。其网站是传播历史文化的公共服务平台,很重要的职能是服务没有机会来国家博物馆现场的观众,更应体现其公益性。
基于国家博物馆网站说,“我们像建设实体博物馆那样高度重视数字博物馆的建设”,“加快世界一流博物馆建设步伐”,以网站上对重要藏品的注释为例,建议:
一、应逐步完善馆藏文物基本情况文字介绍。重要文物藏品不会是爆发式增长,日复一日不断改进,总是可以不断完善的。
二、上述文字介绍中,应有相当部分可以供公众免费下载。要全面、准确理解知识产权的概念。
三、如果可能的话,对重要藏品增加图片,每张图片角度、表达内容有所不同,让没有机会来国家博物馆的观众有愿意来这里了解国家历史,增长知识。
国家博物馆网站的格局可以并且应该更大,而不是比较局促。
其它国家级博物馆,实际上也面临同样的问题,只是有的解决得更好一些。
无论如何,看过琅琊刻石和罗塞塔石碑,是难忘的经历。
秦始皇琅琊刻石(国家博物馆展出)
秦始皇琅琊刻石,国家博物馆展出
国家博物馆网站上秦始皇琅琊刻石介绍图片(共2张)
国家博物馆注释文字介绍,秦始皇琅琊刻石残石存13行87字。前2行碑文为公元前219年随秦始皇巡视的从臣最后两人的姓名和官职,后11行碑文为公元前209年秦二世补刻的诏书及从臣姓名,字已模糊。
我查询资料,大致情况是:
琅琊台位于山东省胶南市。两千多年前古人缘琅琊山夯土筑就。史籍最早载于《山海经·海内东经》:“琅琊台在渤海间,琅琊之东。”《史记·秦始皇本纪》:“盖海畔有山,形如台,在琅琊,故曰琅琊台。”战国时越王勾践在此盟誓。
公元前219年,秦始皇第二次巡游,登临琅琊山,筑琅琊台,在台顶立石刻,颂秦功业。正文记述秦始皇统一文字的丰功伟绩,附文记录李斯、王绾等10个随从大臣的名字及议立碑刻的事迹。据传,碑文出自李斯的手笔。是为《颂诗》。公元前209年,秦二世巡至琅琊台,在秦始皇所立刻石旁刻其诏书和大臣从者名。是为《诏书》。
到北宋时,碑已亡失大半。宋熙宁九年(1076年),苏轼作《书琅琊篆后》:“今颂诗亡矣,其从臣姓名仅有存者,而二世诏书具在。”清乾隆年间,诸城知县宫懋让为防止石碑迸裂,用铁箍将裂石束住。1922县教育局督学王培枯受命两次到琅琊台寻找,将残石找回。先藏于诸城教育局,解放后藏于中国历史博物馆(现国家博物馆)。
埃及罗塞塔石碑(大英博物馆展出)
罗塞塔石碑(Rosetta Stone),高1.14米,宽0.73米,制作于公元前196年。
罗塞塔石碑刻有古埃及国王托勒密五世登基的诏书。1799年,法军在埃及港湾城市罗塞塔发现,后辗转到英国手中,自1802年起保存于大英博物馆中并公开展示。石碑由上至下共刻有同一段诏书的三种语言版本,被称为了解古埃及语言与文化的关键基础。
埃及罗塞塔石碑,大英博物馆
大英博物馆网站上关于埃及罗塞塔石碑的部分图片介绍
大英博物馆对石碑文字介绍部分内容:
The Rosetta Stone
From Fort St Julien, el-Rashid (Rosetta), Egypt
Ptolemaic Period, 196 BC
The inscription on the Rosetta Stone is a decree passed by a council of priests, one of a series that affirm the royal cult of the 13-year-old Ptolemy V on the first anniversary of his coronation.
In previous years the family of the Ptolemies had lost control of certain parts of the country. It had taken their armies some time to put down opposition in the Delta, and parts of southern Upper Egypt, particularly Thebes, were not yet back under the government's control.
Before the Ptolemaic era (that is before about 332 BC), decrees in hieroglyphs such as this were usually set up by the king. It shows how much things had changed from Pharaonic times that the priests, the only people who had kept the knowledge of writing hieroglyphs, were now issuing such decrees. The list of good deeds done by the king for the temples hints at the way in which the support of the priests was ensured.
The decree is inscribed on the stone three times, in hieroglyphic (suitable for a priestly decree), demotic (the native script used for daily purposes), and Greek (the language of the administration). The importance of this to Egyptology is immense. Soon after the end of the fourth century AD, when hieroglyphs had gone out of use, the knowledge of how to read and write them disappeared. In the early years of the nineteenth century, some 1400 years later, scholars were able to use the Greek inscription on this stone as the key to decipher them. Thomas Young, an English physicist, was the first to show that some of the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone wrote the sounds of a royal name, that of Ptolemy. The French scholar Jean-François Champollion then realized that hieroglyphs recorded the sound of the Egyptian language and laid the foundations of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian language and culture.
Soldiers in Napoleon's army discovered the Rosetta Stone in 1799 while digging the foundations of an addition to a fort near the town of el-Rashid (Rosetta). On Napoleon's defeat, the stone became the property of the English under the terms of the Treaty of Alexandria (1801) along with other antiquities that the French had found.
The Rosetta Stone has been exhibited in the British Museum since 1802, with only one break. Towards the end of the First World War, in 1917, when the Museum was concerned about heavy bombing in London, they moved it to safety along with other, portable, 'important' objects. The Rosetta Stone spent the next two years in a station on the Postal Tube Railway fifty feet below the ground at Holborn.