英语动词有主动和被动两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者又叫施动者;被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，又叫受动者。区分主动语态和被动语态，主要看主语是执行者还是承受者。如：

The flowers and grass should be watered .(____语态)

We should water the flowers and grass .(____语态)

一 构成

1.被动语态是由“助动词be +过去分词”构成的，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。Tom broke the cup .(主动语态) → The cup was broken by Tom .(被动语态)

2.被动语态有以下8种：

一般现在时：be(am / is are) +过去分词 Trees are planted in spring .

一般过去时：be(was / were) +过去分词 The house was built last year .

现在进行时：be(am / is are) + being +过去分词 The car is being repaired .

过去进行时：be(was / were) + being +过去分词

现在完成时：have / has + been +过去分词 The light has been turned off .

过去完成时：had + been +过去分词

一般将来时：will be +过去分词 Lei Feng will be remembered by us forever .

含情态动词的：情态动词+ be +过去分词 My homework can be finished in two hours .

3.被动语态常用于以下场合：

不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时。如：My bike was stolen yesterday .我的自行车昨天被偷了。

强调动作的执行者时，使用“by +动作的执行者”。如：The pen was used by my father .这支钢笔是我父亲用过的。

只有及物动词才有被动形式，不及物动词如rise / come / go / take / place / happen等，没有被动形式。

二 主动语态变被动语态的步骤

通常遵循以下三个步骤：

1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2. 把主动语态的谓语动词变为与其时态相对应的被动形式，且与被动语态的主语保持人称和数的一致。

3. 将主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，置于句末。“by +宾语”在句中常省略。

主动语态：Many people speak English . 这里还需要连线!

被动语态：English . is spoken by many people .

如：Lu Xun wrote this book .→ This book was written by Lu Xun .这本书是鲁迅写的。

People are cutting down many trees now .→ Many trees are being cut down now .现在许多树正被砍伐。

三 主动语态和被动语态的转换

1.双宾语的被动形式

双宾语的句子在变为被动语态时，有两种变法：

如果把指人的间接宾语变为主语，那么指物的直接宾语保留不动。如：His teacher gave him a book .→He was given a book by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→I have been bought a present .

如果要将指物的直接宾语变为主语，那么动词后要用介词to / for，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定的。如：His teacher gave him a book .→A book was given to him by his teacher . He has bought me a present .→A present has been bought for me .

常见的能接双宾语的动词有give / show / bring / lend / send等，这些词与介词to搭配;buy / make / draw等，这些词与介词for搭配。

2.动词短语的被动语态

许多不及物动词加上介词或副词后构成的短语动词相当于及物动词，是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时不能把短语动词分开，也不能漏掉短语动词中的介词或副词。 如：

 We should speak to old men politely .→Old men should be spoken to politely .

 He always takes care of his sister .→His sister is always taken care of (by him).

 She turned off the radio .→The radio was turned off (by her).

3. 省略的to动词不定式用于被动语态

在主动语态中，一些表示感官或使役的动词，如hear / watch / see / feel / notice / listen to / look at / let /make / have和help等后面的宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，但句子在变为被动语态后要加to。如：

 He made the girl stay at home .→The girl was made to stay at home .

 We often hear her sing in the room .→She is often heard to sing in the room .

 The boss made them work for 16 hours a day .→They were made to work for 16 hours a day (by the boss).

4. 主动形式表被动意义

动词need，want以及短语be(well)worth等后面常接动名词，以主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The room needs cleaning .这房子需要打扫。 The piece of music is worth listening to .这首曲子值得听。

某些表示主语质地、自身特征的动词，如write / wash / sell / clean / cook等，常和副词well或easily连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The cloth washes easily .这种布容易洗。 The pen writes well .这支笔很好用。