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It used to be so straightforward. A team of reseachers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their reseach to journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and sent it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and reseachers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The internet­­-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made far handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of the knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is a big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The Internet Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now change. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is so-called big deal ,where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is a open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to the published. Finally, there are open-acess archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional. Other models exist that are hybrids of there three,such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available  to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

 

 

 

题目

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses

[A] the background information of journal editing.

[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.

[C] the relations of authors with journal publisher.

[D] the traditional process of journal publication.

 

27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

[A] It criticizes government-funded research.

[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.

 

28.According to the text, online publication is significant in that

[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.

[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

 

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a parper is required to

[A] cover the cost of its publication.

[B] subscrible to the journal publishing it.

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.

[D] complete the peer-review before submission.

 

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

[A] The internet is posing a threat to publishers.

[B] A new mde of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.

 

 

全文翻译

以前它（从下文找它是什么）如此的简单。在一个研究室的研究队伍将他们的研究结果提交给杂志社。杂志社编辑从文章中移除作者的名字和附属机构移交给他们的同行进行评审。编辑根据收到的评论将决定对收到的文章出版或者谢绝。文章的版权将被杂志出版社保留，研究者们要想获得研究的结果知识将必须在出版社订阅。

不在（表示第一段的情形发生了变化）。现在通过网络获取科学结果已经成为了现实，来自基金资助机构方面的压力，他们问为什么商业出版社通过严格获取政府资助的研究赚钱。经济合作发展组织刚刚关于网络获取科学结果的深远影响发布了一份报告。这份报告有澳大利亚的维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经济合作发展组织的Graham Vickery撰写，让那些到目前为止获取了一些利润的出版商读了之后心情会很沉重。但是，这不仅限于此。这象征着一种改变，到目前为止，一种获取科学努力元素的一种方式。

一定意义上，知识的价值和在研究上公众投资的回报取决于广泛的传播和读取途径。这是个大的交易。在美国，核心科学出版社的出版市场被估价在70亿到110亿之间。科学互联网协会，医药科技出版商们说，在世界各地有超过2000家出版社从事这个事业。他们每年在16000家学术期刊出版超过120万文章。

现在改变了。根据经济发展组织的报告，现在百分之七十五的学术期刊是在线的。完全新的商业模式已经出现；三个模式中的主要的一个是由报告的作者授权的。其中一个被称为大买卖，被认可的订阅者通过网站认证协议书支付，获得在线杂志标题的一个链接。还有公开的出版物，通常要求作者（或者他的助手）支付文献像公众公开。最后，这儿有一种开放式的档案，由像大学和国家实验室支付机构知识库。其他存在的模式是这三种的混合，像延迟开放通道，出版社在让每个想看到文献的人免费便利获取前，仅允许订阅者阅读杂志的前六个月。所有的这些改变着同行评审的传统形式，至少在文章的出版上。

 

 

逐句翻译

第一段

It used to be so straightforward (简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的；坦率地).

以前它（从下文找它是什么）如此的简单。

 

 

A team of reseachers working together in the laboratory would submit (提交；服从；主张；呈递) the results of their reseach to journal.

在一个研究室的研究队伍将他们的研究结果提交给日报。

 

 

A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations (联盟；附属机构；加入) from the paper and sent it to their peers (平辈，同事；凝视；比得上) for review (回顾；复习功课；写评论；检讨；检阅；评论；复审).

杂志社编辑从文章中移除作者的名字和附属机构移交给他们的同行进行评审。

 

 

Depending on the comments (评论；解释) received, the editor would accept the paper for publication ordecline (谢绝；婉拒；下降；衰退) it.

编辑根据收到的评论将决定对收到的文章出版或者谢绝。

 

 

Copyright (版权，著作权；为...取得版权；受版权保护的) rested with (在于；取决于) the journal publisher, and reseachers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe (订阅；捐款；签署；赞助；赞成) to the journal.

文章的版权将被杂志出版社保留，研究者们要想获得研究的结果知识将必须在出版社订阅。

 

 

第二段

No longer.

不在（表示第一段的情形发生了变化）。

 

 

The internet­­-and pressure from funding agencies (基金资助机构), who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality.

现在通过网络获取科学结果已经成为了现实，来自基金资助机构方面的压力，他们问为什么商业出版社通过严格获取政府资助的研究赚钱。

 

 

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued (发布，发行；发布日期；发行的) a report describing the far-reaching consequences (后果，结果；影响) of this.

经济合作发展组织刚刚关于网络获取科学结果的深远影响发布了一份报告

 

 

The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University (维多利亚大学) in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made far handsome profits.

这份报告有澳大利亚的维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经济合作发展组织的Graham Vickery撰写，让那些到目前为止获取了一些利润的出版商读了之后心情会很沉重。

 

 

But it goes further than that.

但是，这不仅限于此。

 

 

It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

这象征着一种改变，到目前为止，一种获取科学努力元素的一种方式。

 

 

第三段

The value of the knowledge and the return on the public investment (投资；投入；封锁) in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution (分布；分配) and ready access.

一定意义上，知识的价值和在研究上公众投资的回报取决于广泛的传播和读取途径。

 

 

It is a big business.

这是个大的交易。

 

 

In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated (估计，估价；判断；看法) at between $7 billion and $11 billion.

在美国，核心科学出版社的出版市场被估价在70亿到110亿之间。

 

 

The Internet Association (协会，联盟，社团；联合；联想) of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in (专门从事) these subjects.

科学互联网协会，医药科技出版商们说，在世界各地有超过2000家出版社从事这个事业。

 

 

They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals (学术期刊；日记；日记账).

他们每年在16000家学术期刊出版超过120万文章。

 

 

第四段

This is now change.

现在改变了。

 

 

According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly (博学的；学者风度的；学者派头的) journals are now online.

根据经济发展组织的报告，现在百分之七十五的学术期刊是在线的。

 

 

Entirely (完全地，彻底地) new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified (鉴定；辨认；被识别的；经鉴定的；被认同的) by the report’s authors.

完全新的商业模式已经出现；三个模式中的主要的一个是由报告的作者授权的。

 

 

There is so-called big deal ,where institutional (制度上的；学会的；由来已久的；公共机构的)subscribers pay for access to a collection (采集，聚集；征收；收藏品；募捐) of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.

其中一个被称为大买卖，被认可的订阅者通过网站认证协议书支付，获得在线杂志标题的一个链接。

 

 

There is a open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to the published.

还有公开的出版物，通常要求作者（或者他的助手）支付文献像公众公开。

 

 

Finally, there are open-acess archives (档案，档案室；案卷；把…存档；把…收集归档), where organizations such as universities or international laboratories (实验室) support institutional repositories(机构库；机构知识库).

最后，这儿有一种开放式的档案，由像大学和国家实验室支付机构知识库。

 

 

Other models exist that are hybrids of there three,such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available (有效的，可得的；可利用的；空闲的) to everyone who wishes to see it.

其他存在的模式是这三种的混合，像延迟开放通道，出版社在让每个想看到文献的人免费便利获取前，仅允许订阅者阅读杂志的前六个月。

 

 

All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

所有的这些改变着同行评审的传统形式，至少在文章的出版上。

 

 

题目翻译

 

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses

[A] the background information of journal editing.

[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.

[C] the relations of authors with journal publisher.

[D] the traditional process of journal publication.

 

26.在第一段，作者讨论了

[A]杂志编辑的背景信息。

[B]实验室报告的出版路线。

[C]作者与杂志出版社的关系。

[D]传统的杂志出版的过程。

 

 

27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

[A] It criticizes (批评；评论；苛求) government-funded research.

[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

[D] It benefits scientific research considerably(相当地；非常地).

 

27.下面哪个关于经济发展组织的报告是正确的？

[A]报告批评了政府资助的研究。

[B]报告介绍一个有效的出版方式。

[C]报告使获得利益的杂志出版商不安。

[D]报告相当有利于科学研究。

 

28.According to the text, online publication is significant (重大的；有效的；值得注意的；意味深长的；象征；有意义的事物) in that

[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.

[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

[C] it emphasizes (强调，着重) the crucial (重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的) role of scientific knowledge.

[D] it facilitates (促进；帮助；使…容易) public investment in scientific research.

 

28.根据文章，在线出版物的重要意义在于

[A]它为获取科技结果提供了一个方便的通道。

[B]它为科技研究者带来了巨大的利益。

[C]它注重科技知识的决定性角色

[D]它促进了科学研究的公共投资。

 

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a parper is required to

[A] cover the cost (支付费用) of its publication.

[B] subscrible to the journal publishing it.

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.

[D] complete the peer-review before submission (投降；提交；服从；谦恭) .

 

29.对于开放式的出版模式，文章的作者被要求

[A]支付出版物的费用。

[B]订阅杂志社出版的自己的文章（注意it的翻译）

[C]允许其他的杂志社免费使用自己的文章。

[D]在提交之前完成同行评审。

 

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

[A] The internet is posing a threat to (对…造成威胁) publishers.

[B] A new mde of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered (提出；描绘；放弃；报答；归还；宣布；已渲染的) easier by online service.

 

30.下面哪一个是文章主要观点的最好总结？

[A]网络对出版社造成的威胁。

[B]新的出版模式的出现。

[C]作者欢迎新的出版渠道。

[D]通过在线服务出版呈现更容易